Shane Moynihan
Dublin Mid-West · Fianna Fáil · Ireland
“Hopefully, we will not need to extend the planning. That is the intention of all. Similarly for Lucan Community College, we need to get the planning right now for phases two and three.”
“Similarly, for Lucan Community College, that is being delivered under phase one through a modular framework and there is now an intention to secure planning for the remaining phase, so that does not delay the delivery of phases two and three of Lucan. I also wish to draw attention to Devine Mercy junior and senior national schools.”
“Thomas's and Scoil Aíne junior and senior national schools in Lucan, they are immediately adjacent to Adamstown, which is one of the rapidly growing areas in the country right now. They are in the same building they were in when the school was opened. That needs to be addressed as a matter of urgency. For St.”
“I thank the Minister for her very comprehensive answer. I see first hand the progress that is being made with school buildings across the constituency but there are also buildings that need to be addressed as a matter of urgency. The Minister mentioned Scoil Chrónáin.”
“The schools I intend to address are St. Thomas Junior National School and Scoil Aíne Naofa in Lucan and Divine Mercy junior and senior national schools and St. Kevin's Community College. What is the current status of the Lucan Community College project and Scoil Chrónáin? I ask the Minister to make a statement on the matter.”
“Whatever course of action the Government takes, and I have views on either a total ban or a registration and licensing system, it is clear to me that gardaí will need training in the enforcement and tactical interventions that they will need to undertake to enforce whatever ban or system being put in place, as in taking someone from a sco…”
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“My third point relates to the need to ensure the oifig takes training and proficiency in AI skills as a core part of its mandate and in the roll-out of its work. All of the research on AI points to the fact that while AI technical skills are extremely important, human-centric skills, such as problem solving, team building and critical thinking, are also important. They are what makes AI such a powerful tool and it is important the oifig does not lose sight of that. I encourage those three points to be taken into account as the Bill proceeds to Committee Stage.”
“That shows we have the skill sets and competence in this country and in that sense the oifig should be thinking about innovation. I encourage the Minister to consider whether there is scope to include in the Bill provisions to make oifig intleachta shaorga na hÉireann take the mandating and encouraging of innovation very seriously, not only in encouraging innovation around AI but also ensuring the regulation is fit for purpose. Often the criticism is made in this House and other places that regulation does not catch up with technology as it is developed. One solution would be to have the regulator sitting beside centres of innovation so it understands how that innovation takes place and how the resulting regulation can take account of that.”
“It positions Ireland as a very strong centre for companies and research centres that want to learn more about how to use AI. If we have the people and professionals in our regulatory and monitoring authorities who are able to watch, monitor and collaborate with that innovation, it will set us up to be a better centre for regulation, both in Ireland and across the European Union. Alignment with the European Union is extremely important in this instance. The second point I make is with regard to the need to encourage innovation. LinkedIn data shows that Ireland is exceptionally attractive to AI engineers from all over the world. We have seen net positive migration of those individuals to this country over the past year.”
“Tá áthas orm bheith in ann labhairt ar an mBille seo trathnóna. Ba mhaith liom moladh a thabhairt don Aire Stáit, an Teachta Smyth, agus an Teachta Ó Cearúil as ucht a gcuid oibre leis an mBille seo a chur le chéile. I welcome the establishment of oifig intleachta shaorga na hÉireann, which will be a very important piece of the architecture to ensure the overall enforcement and monitoring of this legislation. My plea at this stage, as we establish that office, is that we staff it appropriately, get the appropriate talent and hire the appropriate professionals with the skills necessary to ensure we have strong and competent regulation in terms of how we engage with AI in Ireland. I emphasise that is not necessarily just saying we need to regulate.”
“The cross-border directive is an excellent scheme and I would hate for it to lose public confidence due to operational issues.”
“I associate myself with the Taoiseach's remarks about Prime Minister Starmer and I wish him and his family well. One of the great things about our relationship with UK is the fact that we can still take advantage of the cross-border directive. However, constituents have been contacting me in recent weeks about significant delays in reimbursement under that directive. Some applicants are waiting five or six months despite indicative timelines of three months. In many cases, this is causing financial strain for patients who must pay upfront, including accumulating interest costs where loans are required. Will the Taoiseach intervene and see if clarity can be provided on whether these backlogs relate to staffing constraints and whether the additional interest that may be accrued will be reimbursed when processing times are exceeded?”
“I welcome the conclusions of the recent European Council meetings about the need for a focus on competitiveness because that is a vindication of the view that the economy and jobs are not things that just happen; they are the result of policy and of a deliberate effort to grow our economy and jobs. Will the Taoiseach speak about the priorities the Presidency has for improving competitiveness in Europe, especially the opportunities for Irish companies that want to scale up, and for creating and deepening a Single Market that incentivises a good environment for rapidly growing European and Irish companies as Europe takes its place in the world?”
“Is iomaí duine atá i mo Dháilcheantar a théann amach ag obair go dian gach lá. Like in the Taoiseach's constituency and many others around the country, people in my constituency go out and work hard every day and they need to understand that the Government has their back in ensuring work continues to pay. We need to continue making progress on tax and ensuring low- and middle-income workers in particular see that work pays and they get the worthwhile results and desserts of the hard effort they engage in every day. Will the Taoiseach support me in calling for measures to assist those hard-pressed families up and down the country and to continue to ensure hard work does pay and there is fairness across the board?”
“One thing the increased use of screens has taught us is that nobody would have anticipated that it has had a very detrimental effect on the overall state of the eye health of children and adults in the country, which has led to this increased prevalence of myopia. I thank the Minister of State for the response, and she might respond to the other points too.”
“Given that we know this is going to have increased protection, studies from the US and South Korea suggest that myopia affects 50% of the population towards the middle of their lives, and that that, as the Minister of State knows, brings added risk of eye disease later on in life, how do we build on that early detection piece, in the same way we would have done with dental care and on the back of public health nurse checks in the first years of a baby's life? How do we keep an eye on - pardon the pun - the development of eye health and eye care but also address and ensure we use the data to inform monitoring and planning and learn about the prevalence of myopia?”
“I ask the Minister of State to take it up with the Minister for Health in a broader piece around the prescribing powers for optometrists to enable them to be a core pillar of how we engage directly with children in the community and to avoid them necessarily having to even go as far as the integrated eye care team, especially if medication or treatment can be prescribed in a low-cost setting. While all the other developments the Minister of State described are very welcome, there is a piece around early detection. Even with the model that is laid out at the moment, it seems to be a referral or reactive, which is a very good and strong way to find this.”
“I thank the Minister of State for that very comprehensive response. Core to a lot of the emerging healthcare needs we have in Ireland are training and skills, so I am very pleased to see that one of the planks of the Minister of State's answer was making sure we have enough trained professionals. I think that needs to be at the core of how we future-proof our public services and make sure we are able to address demand in the future. I also welcome the steps that are being taken towards embedding this into a community care model, which I think is what these integrated eye care teams will deliver. They are contingent on the number of trained professionals.”
“International evidence would suggest that allowing those prescribing powers to be made available to optometrists can allow more patients to be treated safely in the community. This reduces unnecessary hospital referrals and eases pressures on ophthalmology services. Large-scale clinical data from a number of studies suggests that electronic medical records can enable this as a potential cost effective tool for monitoring trends in eye health. Will the Minister of State give us a view on the current model of the eye care pathway, especially at a paediatric level? Given our educational system is becoming more reliant on screens and we know there is greater use of screens, that in itself is compounding the issues affecting myopia and increasing its prevalence, as evidenced by the data.”
“This risk of myopia and the severity of it increases with age and we know that high myopia is much more associated with a high risk of vision loss compared with normal vision. This has significant public health implications. Individuals with high myopia face the greatest risk. The overall burden on services is likely driven by the growing number of people with moderate myopia as well. We estimate that 50% of the global population could be myopic by 2050. This is something we need to be very aware of in terms of how we design our eye care model and whether we should have proactive monitoring in place. One immediate action we could take is to encourage and enable independent prescription of medicines for eye conditions by optometrists in Ireland, which is something that is not in place at the moment.”
“By that stage, there would have been some lag in academic outcomes and the vision problem would have presented itself. Emerging evidence from Ireland and abroad would suggest that myopia is becoming increasingly common, particularly in younger age groups, with clinic based data showing the highest rate of myopia now among people in their 20s. While long-sightedness remains more prevalent in clinical populations, adjusted population estimates indicate that myopia is now becoming more prevalent as an eye condition, which shows the changing nature of eye health. We know that undetected vision problems can negatively affect educational attainment, classroom participation, confidence and social development. Also, myopia is associated with a lifelong increase in serious eye disease like retinal detachment, glaucoma or cataracts.”
“The current paediatric eye care pathway is focused on early childhood screening and the identification of serious visual impairments, but I do not think this captures the changing nature of eye health among children and adolescents, particularly when we take account of the rapid rise in the incidents of myopia, or short-sightedness. We know myopia typically develops between the ages of eight and 16, after school entry vision screening has taken place. This raises the question as to whether some children are developing vision problems without any structured follow-up or monitoring and, in fact, in many cases a diagnosis is reactive because a child will complain, for example, that they cannot see the blackboard or cannot engage properly with a lesson.”
“Is mór agam an deis seo a thapú labhairt ar cheist atá tar éis teacht faoi mo bhráid le cúpla mí anuas. Baineann sé le cúrsaí súile. Issues and concerns that have been raised with me by constituents about our eye care model in Ireland. We know, for example, that public eye care services are under significant pressure. National Treatment Purchase Fund, NTPF, data shows that over 42,000 people are waiting for eye care appointments, with approximately 33% of those waiting longer than one year. While much attention is rightly focused on that side of the thing, what I want to talk about today relates to our community eye care model and whether it is equipped to identify and manage emerging eye health challenges, particularly among children and young people.”
“We have raised on the floor of the House previously the importance attached to DART+ South West for my constituency. I am pleased that in the interactions I have had with the Minister for Transport on the floor of the Dáil that he has indicated a willingness to try to bring this forward for delivery ahead of the expected timeframe. I ask again for the Taoiseach's support in ensuring that does happen. It is pivotal that it happens for my constituency and the rapidly growing communities in Lucan, Clondalkin, Adamstown and Clonburris, and that in the interim sufficient bus services are put in place to make sure we give people the option so they do not have to rely on the private car.”
“Perhaps a voucher system could be put in place for a private occupational therapist to make their report. Alternatively, the local authority could be allowed to directly fund or recompense the occupational therapist for the report they might provide.”
“Ba mhaith liom ceist a chur maidir leis na deontais tithíochta athchóirithe. The housing adaptation grants are a game-changer for many people who are older or who have a disability and need to get alterations done to their houses. However, many constituents have raised with me the delays they have in accessing the public occupational therapy lists to get the sort of reports and certifications for the modifications they need. I am asking whether guidelines can be put in place. We know that in many cases the report from the private occupational therapist is reimbursed as part of the overall grant package. However, even that cost can be prohibitive for a lot of older people in particular. Is there any guidance that can be given to local authorities to pay the grant in instalments so that the reimbursement may be made immediately?”
“Gabhaim buíochas leis an Taoiseach as an uasdatú sin. Tá dhá cheist agam. I dtosach báire, will the Taoiseach update the House on the intention to reform the Good Friday Agreement institutions? This has been flagged a number of times by the Government and the Taoiseach and I would be grateful for an update on the thinking of ourselves, the British Government and the Northern Irish parties on this. The Taoiseach rightly pointed to the success of the shared island initiative, which has been transformative in bringing people together. Will he elaborate on whether or not consideration could be given to using the shared island fund to promote initiatives to combat loneliness? It is a blight in societies North and South and I would be grateful for an update in this regard.”
“Major manufacturers like Volvo, Scania, MAN and Mercedes Benz use HVO in their engines. Hauliers especially face increased climate compliance costs, and HVO offers an immediate and practical pathway to lower their emissions without any new vehicles or infrastructure. Could the Tánaiste indicate what steps might be taken to encourage the use of HVO and to assist this sector in its decarbonisation goals?”
“We all recognise the scale of the challenge facing the transport sector as we work to meet our climate obligations and, obviously, heavy goods vehicles are among the most difficult parts of that sector to decarbonise. Electrification is progressing but it is not yet a realistic option for the majority of those long-haul operators. It is in that spirit that I ask the Tánaiste to clarify what can be done from the Government's point of view with regard to support for hydrotreated vegetable oil, HVO, as a transition fuel for the haulage sector. It can reduce emissions by up to 65% when it is sustainably sourced. It works in existing diesel engines with no modifications needed and is blended with diesel and used in heavy transport in the Netherlands, Finland, Italy and the UK.”
“It is uneconomic to drive from Lucan, Clondalkin or Palmerstown as I have said on the floor of the House and with the Minister privately. I encourage him to support encouraging people to use public transport in as direct way as possible. I mean no disrespect to the response of the NTA, but it described a circuitous route to the airport when people need to get onto the M50. I would welcome interim solutions.”
“I thank Deputy Ward for asking the question. As he knows, I asked a question about this matter a few weeks ago and have engaged directly with the Minister on it. The suggestion I put forward is that there be airport-bound routes going through Dublin Mid-West, like the Expressway service from the western part of the country. I have written to the NTA and hope to get the support of the Minister to allow pick-up and drop-off for residents in Lucan and Clondalkin on airport-bound routes outside of Dublin in the interim. I will work with the Minister and hope to secure a public service obligation for some sort of airport link. We can apply some interim solutions until then. I welcome the support of the Minister in working with the NTA to mandate operators to provide additional pick-up and drop-off points.”
“The four track system that this will enable on the line will reduce the bottlenecks at Athlone and Heuston. They are all crucial pieces of infrastructure and investment that we need to do. The key point for me remains that we need to get this over the line as quickly as we can for the commuters who want to get out of the traffic that is already congested all around the roads in my constituency, and for those people who use stations like Kishoge, Adamstown, Park West and Clondalkin Fonthill, and all the commuters in Lucan and Clondalkin who are relying on this piece of kit who want to use public transport. Let us respond to that demand and put a strong service in place to deliver it.”
“I thank the Minister. For the record of the House, I have seen the work being done to advance the CPOs and the enabling works. The Minister has outlined the important step, which is crucial, that procurement for DART+ South West and DART+ West is done in tandem. We cannot afford to lose any time in this if and when funding becomes available. I want to thank the Minister for his personal commitment to try to bring the funding forward for this. I will work on this directly with the Minister. I will take a moment to point out the additional benefits of the DART+ South West project not just for my constituency in Dublin Mid-West where will it be a crucial enabler, but also for intercity trains coming from the western part of the country.”
“I also welcome the Minister's commitment to bring this forward as far as we can to ensure that those commuters who do not want to sit in traffic on the roads around Lucan and Clondalkin are served well by a train station. I will work with the Minister to continue doing that but I will also fight the corner for these commuters who need a good, reliable and, crucially, a frequent train service to enable their commutes and to get the congestion off our roads.”
“I welcome that response. The Minister's successor as the Minister for housing, Deputy Browne, was in the constituency this week in Clonburris and Adamstown. He saw the scale of housing being delivered and the importance of the infrastructure that enables that housing. One such project is DART+ South West. Coming from a commuter constituency the Minister will know full well that commuters in my constituency who use stations like Kishoge, Adamstown, Clondalkin Fonthill, and Park West are the people who want to use public transport in the morning. Carriages are full so we know the demand is there. DART+ South West is something we must prioritise. I welcome the movements made on the CPO work being rolled out. I welcome the work being done to ensure that procurement will not be delayed if and when funding becomes available for this.”
“I ask the Minister for Transport to give an update on the DART+ South West project, the progress that has been made to date, the way in which this crucial infrastructure project for my constituents in Dublin Mid-West may be expedited, and if he will make a statement on the matter.”
“Could the Minister go into a bit more detail about where the lines lie in respect of it falling under his remit? If the college were to decide to take the path referred to, and, again, I have not spoken to the institution about this issue, what sort of timeframe might see it falling under the remit of the Minister?”
“I will clarify that I am asking this question on my own part, because I discovered the lacuna that Marino is not under the aegis of the Minister’s Department. This query has not been requested by Marino. As the Minister said, it is a fine institution. My wife is a graduate of it. She did her degree there. I am also struck by the sheer range of programmes it offers. It does not just offer primary school teacher training programmes. It also offers the early childhood education programme and a further education and training programme. I was puzzled, therefore, when I learned it was not under the aegis of the Minister’s Department. The Minister’s answer would suggest that the college needs to designate itself appropriately to be under the aegis of the Minister’s Department, as opposed to it falling outside its remit.”
“This question is to ask the Minister for Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science the position regarding his plans to bring the Marino Institute of Education under the remit of his Department rather than the Department of Education and Youth; the timeline envisaged for any such change; and if he will make a statement on the matter.”
“Tá múinteoirí ann ar fud na ETBs ar fad atá in ann an teagasc seo a dhéanamh. Caithfimid an mhuinín a thabhairt dóibh é sin a dhéanamh as Gaeilge. Táim ag súil go ndéanfaidh an tAire obair leis na ETBs chun é sin a bhaint amach.”
“Molaim go mór na hiarrachtaí sin. We need to go a little further with the upcoming draft strategy on FET, that should have - and I hope it will - an explicit mention of the provision of courses that are not on the Irish language but are taught through the medium of Irish. Ba mhaith liom rud eile a chur in iúl don Aire agus na ETBs ar fud na tíre ná go bhfuil an-chuid Gaelcholáistí againn ar féidir a úsáid don oideachas do dhaoine fásta agus don oideachas pobail. Community colleges provide a broad range of adult and community education courses. There is no reason Gaelcoláistí could not be asked to do the same and provide the same sort of model. That is something I would encourage. Tá an t-éileamh ann don Ghaeilge. Tá daoine ann atá ag iarraidh cur lena gcuid stór focal agus lena gcuid Gaeilge.”
“I was glad to hear the Minister articulate on the floor of the Dáil that nuair a cuirimid ceisteanna faoi úsáid na Gaeilge sa bhreisoideachas, nílmid ag labhairt faoi Gaeilge a chur ar fáil i ranganna, ach ábhair eile a chur ar fáil trí mheán na Gaeilge. That is an important distinction to make. I would like to see the City of Dublin ETB approach expanded across the country, not only in extending the provision of courses through the Irish language but also ensuring its staff feels comfortable doing so. Support from the Department is needed to allow the sort of immersion courses in City of Dublin ETB to widely expand the ability of staff to deliver tuition through Irish.”
“Gabhaim buíochas leis an Aire as ucht an fhreagra sin. Tugaim moladh mór do na ETBs timpeall na tíre atá ag cur ar fáil scileanna nach scileanna Gaeilge iad ach atá ag cur foghlaim scileanna ar fáil trí mheán na Gaeilge. Tá an-tábhacht ag baint leis sin, ní hamháin sna ceantair Ghaeltachta ach sna ceantair nach bhfuil an Ghaeilge in úsáid iontu chomh forleathan céanna. I pay particular tribute to the City of Dublin ETB for the Gaeltacht skills course it has put in place. It is a two-week immersion course for tutors and teachers in the City of Dublin ETB to give them the ability to revive their subject expertise through the medium of Irish.”
“Is ceist í seo le cur ar an Aire maidir leis an tacaíocht atá á cur ar fáil ag a Roinn le soláthar oideachas pobail agus soláthar oideachais do dhaoine fásta trí mheán na Gaeilge. My question relates to the provision of adult and community education through the medium of Irish. Will the Minister make a statement on the matter?”
“Consideration should be given to what kinds of supports could be made available. If it cannot be done through the SUSI angle, will the Minister look at partnering with other Government Departments or State agencies like the Arts Council and the creative Ireland programme, not only for things like ballet, but for other specialist art and performing arts we are all familiar with in our constituencies? We all take pride in them when they excel but we must ensure the State has played a role in helping them to do so.”
“I ask for some consideration by the Minister of the possibility of exploring joint approaches with other Government Departments. When we see great people achieve greatness in their disciplines, we take credit for them and take pride in those people being Irish citizens. It would be great for people like these constituents we have dealt with who have an aptitude for things like ballet and will represent Ireland in the international arts environment, if we were able to say the State played a role in supporting their love of their vocations and in them developing the skills and doing the training they needed to excel on the world stage. It is about reviewing the criteria for SUSI grants, especially if there are niche courses like this for which there are no equivalents in this country.”
“I know of instances where families have explored all available supports, such as through the Arts Council and SUSI and have been told quite clearly that such courses are not eligible for coverage by SUSI. Therefore, my question is on whether there is scope for grants or bursaries or for an alteration to be made to the criteria for SUSI grants to support families in such instances when students are not able to pursue these kinds of courses in this country.”
“Gabhaim buíochas leis an Aire as ucht an fhreagra sin. I want to be clear on the kinds of programmes I am talking about. I am talking about specialist ballet programmes that may not necessarily result in an undergraduate degree award but that are for individuals who would have been practising or learning how to perform ballet, in some cases since the age of four. They would enrol in universities abroad, for example the University of the Arts in Rotterdam. A number of the constituency cases Deputy Ó Cearúil and I have been dealing with have come back and said that such a programme is not covered by SUSI grants at the moment. When people have a talent for something like ballet and it is something they want to pursue, it is important that, where programmes are not available in Ireland, some flexibility be given to people who want to study.”
“Tá mé ag tógáil na ceiste seo thar ceann mo chomhghleacaí, an Teachta Ó Cearúil. The question is to ask the Minister if supports and grants are available for Irish students undertaking specialist artistic third level training, such as ballet dancing and dance training, that may not be available in Ireland, what supports are available to those families and those students undertaking such training and if he will make a statement on the matter.”
“Above all else, the reason I want to centre the importance of the national framework is that there are instances in my constituency where children in an autism special class are not able to access speech and language supports because it is not seen in the overall suite of supports provided to children in an autism class. While I am not for a second suggesting we should stop our roll-out of autism classes, I am concerned that we need to give the same level of attention to speech and language difficulties that in many cases coincide with a diagnosis of autism, but in many cases merit proper specialist supports that might be more than the SEN hours allocated to a school, that might require the opening of a reading class or, in some instances, the expansion of the reading school.”
“The first is around the national framework and national guidance for an evidence-based approach to how we address dyslexia and associated speech and language difficulties in our schools. It is important it be evidence based. It is important teacher training be made available on a consistent basis. While I welcome that some specialist supports are provided in schools, there is also a need for an expansion of the reading classes the Minister of State mentioned in his reply. They do not necessarily need to be in a school setting, but the provision of more reading classes in schools is an important step in addressing the medium level of difficulty some children might have.”
“Gabhaim buíochas leis an Aire as ucht an fhreagra sin. I appreciate the good faith of the response and thank the Minister of State for taking this on behalf of the Minister for education. One immediate point I will make, which I am sure the Minister of State's wife would empathise with, is that the application procedure for additional resources for SEN in a school is extremely onerous. Our focus should be on ensuring the resources and hours required are made available in a targeted and timely way, in the best interest of the child, especially where the school has demonstrated a need that can be met. I will delve into a few other things the Minister of State referred to in his answer and I would like him to take one or two other things to the Minister.”
“Does the Department intend developing a national framework around guidance or standards for dyslexia intervention that is aligned with international best practice and the evidence I have set out? Another issue I have raised in this House, and I am sure the Minister of State, as a constituency TD, has also raised it, is the need for the expansion of NEPS provision across all schools to ensure timely diagnosis is made, as appropriate. I would appreciate the Minister of State's insight on that.”
“My question is to ask, given the limited number of reading classes available around the country and the limited number of appropriate speech and language supports for children who have autism and may also have an underlying need with regard to dyslexia or some other speech and language issue, are there plans to consider expanding dyslexia-specific classes or to better incorporate specialist provision through the provision of reading classes in schools using the same model as the autism classes in schools? Where the continuing support, as we know, reduces reliance on diagnosis, are there plans to apply a national standard and to provide support for teachers in terms of more consistent early-screening approaches at primary level?”
“It is important at this point to thank all the teachers in schools who work with children who have dyslexia, dyspraxia or apraxia of speech. We need to make sure they have supports in place in their classroom and school settings, but also that they have access to the necessary training, especially with regard to structured literacy, and have the best-in-class, evidence-based teaching approaches to how they address this. As fathers, the Minister of State and I both know that without appropriate and timely intervention, dyslexia-related difficulties do not improve and children can experience reduced confidence, increased anxiety and ongoing academic challenges.”
“While these are valuable tools, they primarily measure attainment rather than the underlying learning difficulties and may only highlight the issues once a child has already begun to fall behind. International best practice suggests that early screening of key indicators, such as phonological awareness and letter sound knowledge, are the sorts of things that we should be zeroing in on. We see examples of this at play in some of our schools. Looking at the evidence for what needs to happen with regard to the identification of dyslexia and then the response to it, we need structured systematic literacy instruction or targeted small group or individual intervention delivered by trained staff, appropriate classroom accommodations and timely access to assistive technology.”