Vikram Nair
Singapore
“I thank the Minister of State for the answer, as well as forming a workgroup to look into this issue. I think it is worrying that platform workers have a much higher rate of workplace injuries than many other groups and I think compensation is one component, but does the Minister of State think any interim measures are needed while the wo…”
“I thank the Minister of State for the answer. I think it is an improvement from the last time this question was asked two years ago, which was 17 minutes and 164 minutes. So, there is improvement. But a one-and-a half-hour waiting time is still quite long.”
“Thank you, and I thank the Minister of State for flagging the answer to me as well. So, I have a supplementary question. The answer was that the Ministry is engaging the digital service providers as well as preparing advisories for parents.”
“I thank the Minister of State for the response and to explain that the OCHA Directions are being issued to Telegram as well. The only reason I mentioned Telegram specifically is it seems to emerge in a whole range of crimes, including selling of drugs, etomidate, sexual crimes, scams.”
“It seeks to enable efficient cross-border travel while retaining Singapore's legal framework and ensuring that foreign officers cooperate within defined limits. It also provides for reciprocity, so that Singapore officers can exercise similar functions in Malaysia.”
“Thank you, Mr Speaker. I note that amongst the different sources of energy, diesel prices have risen much higher than electricity prices. And diesel fuels many commercial operators, including buses and lorries, which feeds into many other sectors.”
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“I thank the Minister of State for the answer. I think it is an improvement from the last time this question was asked two years ago, which was 17 minutes and 164 minutes. So, there is improvement. But a one-and-a half-hour waiting time is still quite long. I am wondering whether there are any plans to maybe introduce more capacity for polyclinics.”
“I thank the Minister of State for the answer, as well as forming a workgroup to look into this issue. I think it is worrying that platform workers have a much higher rate of workplace injuries than many other groups and I think compensation is one component, but does the Minister of State think any interim measures are needed while the workgroup is working out the longer-term solutions?”
“This may include short, focused training modules or job redesign which allow workers to gradually build new competencies. Such measures help ensure that workers are not abruptly displaced, but are instead guided through a managed transition where their skills and roles within their organisations are preserved. The unions, the Government and employers can work together on a framework for this. In relation to the creative industries, including music, writing and acting, we should consider if legislation or further protection is needed in relation to copyrighted material being used to train AI and whether remedies for this should be purely private or whether there is scope for the Government to provide a framework for such materials to be protected. This may include the right to one's image and voice. If left purely to private law, only the well resourced would be able to take up the matter, whereas if there is a framework for this, individual artistes, writers and others might be able to benefit from such protection. Singapore has navigated many economic transitions successfully over the years. Each time, we have combined openness to change with a commitment to social mobility and shared progress. The transition to an AI-driven economy will be another such test. It will require us to strike a careful balance between innovation and protection. If we approach this thoughtfully, we can ensure that AI becomes a source of opportunity and that growth remains inclusive. I support this Motion.”
“This leads me to my second point – what we can do for jobs which are most likely to be affected by AI. AI is particularly effective at performing routine and rules-based tasks. As a result, roles in areas such as administrative work and those involving entry-level analysis are more exposed to displacement. However, the issue is not simply that these jobs may disappear. More importantly, these roles often serve as entry points into the workforce, providing workers with the experience and skills needed to progress. If such opportunities are reduced, workers may find it harder to build careers over time. In this sense, the risk is not only displacement, but also the gradual erosion of career pathways. Over time, this could lead to a situation where it becomes increasingly difficult for individuals to move from entry-level positions into more skilled and higher-paying roles. Therefore, beyond retraining in a general sense, our focus should also be on facilitating practical transitions. Workers should be supported in moving into adjacent roles where their existing skills can still be applied and built upon. This makes transitions more feasible, particularly for mid-career workers. At the same time, companies can be encouraged to redesign jobs so that AI complements rather than replaces human workers. For example, while routine tasks can be automated, human roles requiring judgement, communication and problem-solving can and should be retained and enhanced. This way, AI becomes a tool which increases productivity rather than a substitute for labour. In practical terms, employers adopting AI can be encouraged to identify adjacent roles for affected workers early on and to provide structured pathways for redeployment into these roles.”
“These requirements may not be specific to AI, but they help ensure that transitions are managed in a structured and responsible manner. Mr Speaker, these examples suggest that instead of blocking technological change, governments recognise that legislation can provide guardrails and ensure that as companies adopt AI, they do so in a way which takes into account the impact on workers. This is particularly important in maintaining trust between employers and workers. If workers feel that decisions are being made transparently and with safeguards in place, they are more likely to support rather than resist the adoption of new technologies. For Singapore, we can consider whether there should be clearer expectations around human oversight in employment decisions involving AI. While many employers already adopt such practices, formalising this principle can help ensure consistency across sectors. We can also explore whether workers should have a clearer right to transparency, including the right to know when AI systems are being used to assess their performance or influence decisions about their employment. In addition, it is worth considering whether we should strengthen expectations around responsible workforce transitions. When major technological changes significantly affect jobs, employers can be encouraged to provide structured support such as retraining opportunities or redeployment pathways. Ultimately, it is important to recognise that legislation alone is insufficient and must be complemented by strong institutions, proactive employers and workers who are willing to adapt and learn. Our goal should be to maintain a system where businesses remain innovative and competitive, workers feel secure and supported, and opportunities continuing to expand over time.”
“For instance, in the European Union, the recently adopted Artificial Intelligence Act recognises that AI systems used in employment, such as those involved in hiring, evaluation and performance monitoring, can significantly affect workers' livelihoods. These systems are therefore classified as "high risk" and are subject to requirements such as bias testing, transparency disclosures and human oversight. This complements Article 22 of the General Data Protection Regulation, under which individuals have the right not to be subject to decisions based solely on automated processing where such decisions produce legal effects concerning him or her or significantly affect him or her. In an employment context, this means that important decisions, such as hiring or dismissal, cannot be made purely by algorithms without meaningful human involvement. In New York City, the Automated Employment Decision Tools Law requires that AI systems used in hiring or promotion undergo regular bias audits and that applicants are informed when such tools are being used. While these are not laws which directly prevent job loss, they do ensure that decisions affecting employment are not made with reliance on AI in an opaque or unaccountable manner. They also promote fairness and help guard against unintended discrimination in automated decision-making. Meanwhile, in countries such as Germany and France, labour laws require employers to follow structured processes before lay-offs, including consulting employee representatives, providing advance notice, and making efforts to retrain or redeploy workers. Our NTUC is engaged in similar activities with our employers here.”
“Mr Speaker, I support this Motion. AI is already reshaping our economy. It is improving productivity, enabling new business models and strengthening our global competitiveness. For Singapore, this is an important opportunity. But alongside these benefits, there is also a real concern – how do we ensure our workers are not displaced faster than they can adapt? Over the course of human history, economic growth has been corelated with the creation of new jobs. When countries moved through industrialisation for example, as industries opened, new jobs were created for people all around. Of course, economic growth can also come not just from increases in labour, but also increases in productivity. And this is also to be welcome because it creates higher paying jobs for those who are working. Singapore has benefited from both of these trends. Against this backdrop, the conceptual concern with AI is a simple one: will it increase productivity so much that significantly fewer jobs will be needed? The implication for this is that the fewer people who have jobs or alternatively, those that control capital, will get all the benefits from the higher productivity while a large group of people will lose jobs. Essentially, the winners will take a lot more and there will be a larger number of losers. If we look at developments in other countries, we see that governments are beginning to respond. They do so not by stopping technological change, but by introducing measured safeguards to ensure that workers are treated fairly as the adoption of AI increases. One area I wish to discuss is the use of AI in the job selection process itself.”
“Thank you, and I thank the Minister of State for flagging the answer to me as well. So, I have a supplementary question. The answer was that the Ministry is engaging the digital service providers as well as preparing advisories for parents. These are commendable efforts, but the judgment in the United States was actually quite damning, in that it said social media platforms, in particular, Google and Meta, were responsible for creating addictive platforms that caused mental health issues for the young plaintiff concerned. All our youths are equally exposed to these platforms and while it is helpful to, I guess, engage the alleged perpetrators as well as engage parents, it may be necessary for the Ministry to take a harder stance and draw a firm boundary, like some other countries have done, to say that social media should be restricted for young people and then you talk after that.”
“I thank the Minister of State for the response and to explain that the OCHA Directions are being issued to Telegram as well. The only reason I mentioned Telegram specifically is it seems to emerge in a whole range of crimes, including selling of drugs, etomidate, sexual crimes, scams. I think the Minister of State mentioned scams but it sounds to me like this is an issue with the platform itself. And I will be grateful if the Minister of State believes that the numbers of crimes facilitated on Telegram will be effectively reduced with these additional measures that the Minister of State is saying the Ministry will take.”
“It seeks to enable efficient cross-border travel while retaining Singapore's legal framework and ensuring that foreign officers cooperate within defined limits. It also provides for reciprocity, so that Singapore officers can exercise similar functions in Malaysia. As we move towards opening the RTS Link, it is important that both countries get these arrangements right. Done well, this will not only ease congestion and improve the lives of both Singaporeans and Malaysians, but also strengthen the close economic and social ties between Singapore and Malaysia. Mr Deputy Speaker, I support this Bill.”
“Who will have overall authority of an incident, and how will responsibilities be allocated between Singapore and Malaysian officers? So, say, for example, a train has a destination in Singapore. Malaysian officers spot the incident, who will that Malaysian officer report to and how will the incident be dealt with? Also, will there be joint exercises conducted ahead of the RTS Link opening to ensure that both sides are well prepared to respond swiftly and cohesively, and any command-and-control issues will be dealt with easily as well. Finally, on measures to prevent smuggling and the movement of contraband. Given the high volume of passengers expected to use the RTS Link, it is critical that robust safeguards are in place to prevent the smuggling of drugs, vapes, cigarettes and other prohibited items. The Bill provides for screening, inspection and the seizure of dangerous or controlled items, as well as the detention of certain individuals in certain circumstances. Can the Minister provide more details on how these measures will be implemented operationally? For example, will technologies be used and if so, what technologies for screening and how will Singapore and Malaysian officers coordinate with each other? Finally, Mr Deputy Speaker, I would like to touch on the broader principle underlying this Bill. The co-location of border controls necessarily involves a degree of legal and operational integration between two sovereign countries. It requires mutual trust, clear rules and strong safeguards to ensure that both security and sovereignty are preserved. In this regard, I think the Bill strikes a good balance.”
“Could the Minister clarify how will accountability and oversight be ensured for actions taken by foreign officers operating in Singapore? In addition, what avenues of recourse will be available to individuals who may have complaints about the conduct of such officers and how will these be investigated and resolved across jurisdictions? Third, on the handling of routine crimes on board cross-border trains. I think the Minister has clarified exactly which laws will apply – and it appears that where train is stopped, it will be between Piers 47 and 48, the nose of the train that will define which law applies; and on a moving train it will be the destination country's laws that apply. So, I think these are helpful clarifications and my only further questions are, operationally, will joint patrols or onboard security personnel be deployed in the trains? And if so, which countries will do this? And will those officers have the relevant authority to take action if and when an incident occurs even if it happens to be in the other territory? Given that the travel time is only about five minutes, it may not be easy to ascertain exactly where an incident occurs and will be important for whichever officer is present to have the authority to deal with an incident, as and when it rises. Fourth, on the coordination in the event of cross-border incidents. The Bill provides provisions for incident management operations, including the ability of officers – so this was the point I mentioned earlier, operating with the other. I think this is sensible, but it will be good to know exactly what the boundaries are for these officers. I will also be interested if the Minister can elaborate on how command and control will operate during such incidents?”
“These systems have proven to be efficient and secure. They allow us to process large volumes of travellers while maintaining high standards of border security. Malaysia, too, has been investing in similar technologies. These developments give confidence that both countries have the technical capability and operational experience to support a smooth clearance process for RTS Link passengers, without compromising on safety or security standards. I would like to seek clarification on a few points – though I have to acknowledge Minister has answered many of them in his opening remarks. First, on the purpose of allowing Malaysian border controls to be applied within Singapore. The Bill provides for Malaysian officers to exercise powers under Malaysian border control laws within a designated area in Singapore. At the same time, it makes clear that Singapore law continues to apply within that area. I think it would be helpful for the Minister to perhaps elaborate on why it is necessary for Malaysian law to have application within Singapore territory, rather than relying purely on Singapore law with the appropriate cooperation mechanisms? And also, if there are potential conflicts between Singapore law and Malaysian law on a particular issue, how will that be managed in practice? Second, on the extent of powers that Malaysian officers may exercise while in Singapore. The Bill sets out a framework under which Malaysian officers may conduct border clearance and security checks within the designated area. At the same time, it imposes certain limits. For example, Malaysian officers are not permitted to make arrests in Singapore, and any detained persons or seized items must be transferred to Singapore authorities within a reasonable time.”
“Mr Deputy Speaker, I support this Bill. This Bill lays the legal and operational foundation for the Johor Bahru-Singapore RTS Link. The RTS Link will significantly transform the way commuters move between the two countries, and I believe improve the lives of hundreds of thousands of people who cross the Singapore-Malaysia border every day. More than 300,000 people travel across the Causeway every day, making it one of the busiest overland crossings in the world. Many commuters may spend hours each day in traffic congestion. This is time that could otherwise be spent at work, with family, or at rest. It also imposes a mental and physical toll on commuters, who must cope daily with uncertainty and long waiting times at checkpoints. The RTS Link will have the capacity to serve up to 10,000 commuters during peak periods, for every hour and in each direction, with a train journey time of only about five minutes between the two stations. Further, passengers travelling in either direction will clear both Singapore and Malaysia authorities at the point of departure and need not go through immigration clearance at the point of arrival. This should significantly reduce congestion at checkpoints and shorten travel times. It will also provide greater comfort and predictability for commuters, which is particularly important for those who rely on cross-border travel for their livelihoods. Singapore is well positioned to implement such seamless clearance arrangements. Our ICA has already deployed advanced automated clearance systems across our land, sea and air checkpoints. Many travellers today are familiar with biometric clearance lanes, which use facial recognition, iris scans and fingerprints to very quickly identify individuals and have them clear customs.”
“Thank you, Mr Speaker. I note that amongst the different sources of energy, diesel prices have risen much higher than electricity prices. And diesel fuels many commercial operators, including buses and lorries, which feeds into many other sectors. So, does the Minister think that this is a good time for operators of commercial businesses to switch from diesel trucks and lorries to friendlier, electric vehicle (EV) versions? And if so, would any incentives be given for such switches to make it easier to change capital, which is, of course, a long-term investment?”
“I would be grateful if the Ministry would clarify two points. First, would offenders subject to mandatory treatment under this Bill be sent to DRCs currently used for drug offenders or is the intention to send them to different facilities? If there are to be different facilities, the HSA will need the resources to set up such centres. Second, where a case is potentially caught by both Acts, say, multiple substances were found, and the Chief Executive of the HSA and the Director of the CNB both have the power to order an offender to undergo rehabilitation under the relevant provisions of the two Acts, how will this overlap be resolved between the HSA and the CNB? Finally, I wish to add an observation that young persons are particularly vulnerable to trends such as vaping and experimentation with psychoactive drugs. We must continue to emphasise prevention, education and parental involvement. The provisions requiring responsible persons to act when prohibited products are used on their premises and the measures addressing exposure of children and young persons are important complements to criminal penalties. Mr Deputy Speaker, ultimately, this Bill reflects Singapore's long-standing position that we should adapt our laws on drug abuse in response to evolving realities while preserving the core of our zero-tolerance stance. Singapore's firm stance against drug abuse has been an important pillar of our social stability and public safety. This Bill strengthens that pillar. We must not be seen to compromise on this when new substances emerge.”
“Third, will sentencing guidelines and cases under the MDA apply to cases under the TVCA? In my view, certainly, etomidate-related cases should apply. Etomidate is plainly a psychoactive substance. It is largely misused through vaporisers and related products and that may be the reason for its classification under this Bill. However, the potential for vaporisers to administer more serious drugs has always been present, and the infamous Kpod was known to contain either etomidate or ketamine. Ketamine is, of course, classified as a drug under the MDA. While I understand the rationale for placing etomidate under this Bill and therefore the jurisdiction of HSA, what happens if more harmful substances or drugs are found while the HSA is conducting a raid for vaporisers and/or etomidate? Would HSA be empowered to effect arrests and take enforcement actions, assuming drugs are also found with the vaporisers? In contrast, I understand the Central Narcotics Bureau (CNB) officers have much broader powers of arrest. I believe the HSA will need to adequately resourced and empowered to discharge the new role. Likewise, the CNB should continue to be empowered to effect arrests for etomidate in the event they come across this substance while effecting arrests or investigations into other drugs and psychoactive substances. The rehabilitation aspect of the Bill is also important. The framework allows for community-based rehabilitation and institutional treatment where appropriate. This mirrors, in many respects, the approach taken under the MDA. It recognises that while enforcement and deterrence are essential, rehabilitation remains a cornerstone of our drug control policy. However, here again, there appears to be a potential overlap between the two statutes.”
“This allows the Government to stay ahead of synthetic variants which are engineered specifically to exploit gaps in the legal framework. This is especially useful because so-called "designer drugs" can proliferate because of delays in the implementation of statutory control. Having said that, there seems to be some overlap with mechanisms that already exist under the MDA. I understand that the list of SPSes in the Schedule of the Bill currently includes only etomidate and its analogues. In comparison, under the MDA, a psychoactive substance is defined in section 2 conceptually to mean "a substance or product that has the capacity to have a psychoactive effect on an individual if the individual smokes, administers to himself or herself or otherwise consumes, the substance or product" and which is not an "excluded substance" under the Fifth Schedule. Part 2A of the MDA contains provisions dealing with psychoactive substances generally and can be a conceptual catch-all mechanism for drugs that are not classified elsewhere. In contrast, those psychoactive substances that are already known are often classified as drugs and specific penalties would apply to those. This essentially means there will be two statutes which could potentially deal with new psychoactive substances: one, they could be classified in the Schedule under this new Act; or two, they could still be captured conceptually under the MDA. In relation to this, I make three points. First, in future, what considerations will determine whether a psychoactive substance is to be listed under the TVCA? Second, is it possible for a case to be caught by both the TVCA and the MDA, and if so, how will the authorities decide which statute to prosecute an offender under?”
“Mr Deputy Speaker, I support this Bill. I had spoken up in July last year on the etomidate situation and advocated for its classification under the MDA, because of what I felt were limitations under the existing framework of legislation at the time. The Government moved fast, and in September last year, etomidate was classified as a Class C drug as a temporary measure. This reclassification has been important. It allowed tougher measures to be taken against those that trafficked etomidate and also permitted mandatory treatment to be ordered against abusers who would often refuse to attend treatment voluntarily. This last point is reinforced by Senior Minister of State Koh's point in his introductory speech, that the number of abusers defaulted even on mandatory treatment. The current Bill provides for the reclassification of etomidate from a Class C controlled drug under the MDA to a "specified psychoactive substance" under the proposed TVCA. I was initially a little concerned about whether this meant we were taking a lighter touch approach against etomidate, but looking at the penalties involved, it appears the regime is largely similar to that used in relation to Class C drugs. I think Senior Minister of State Koh also confirmed this in his introductory speech. This suggests we are not taking a lighter touch approach against etomidate, and to the extent, this reclassification is administrative, to put it on a longer term footing. I have no objections to it. One of the strengths of this Bill is the flexibility it confers. The Minister will be empowered to amend the Schedule by order in the Gazette, enabling new psychoactive substances to be added swiftly without the need for a full legislative amendment each time.”
“I know in the past, the SCDF has managed to reverse the rising trend of wildfires. Does the SCDF envision that this can happen again with the additional measures that are in place?”
“I thank the Minister for the response. I think generally leaving the numbers to the free market is not objectionable. The only caveat is that in the case of PHC drivers, people may be giving up opportunities to engage in other professions in order to have the freedom of being a PHC driver. And if the numbers were to go up too much, they may not be able to earn a livelihood. I suggest there might be some basis to intervene in the market, if the numbers appear too large, or PHC drivers' incomes and all that keep going down.”
“I thank the Minister of State. I think cancer screening under Healthier SG is an excellent programme and the earlier you detect, the better. I had recommended a few specific types of cancer in my question. To follow up, the first question I have is, for those who are at higher risk, will their screenings be subsidised by the Government? Second, what is the view on multi-cancers screening tests?”
“This initiative is timely and necessary. The impact of AI on the legal sector cannot be understated. As the honourable Chief Justice observed at TechLaw Fest 2025, generative AI (GenAI) will bring about a paradigm shift in the practice of law, and the legal sector must take this development seriously. We have seen reports both in Singapore and other jurisdictions, where lawyers have cited fictitious authorities in their submissions because they relied on AI tools. As the Court observed in one case, such actions by lawyers cast a shadow over the legitimacy and honour of the legal profession and its role as a custodian of justice in Singapore. Therefore, the question is not whether lawyers should use AI, but how AI can be used responsibly. With clear guidance and training, legal professionals can improve productivity with AI while safeguarding the accuracy of work products and their confidentiality and ethical obligations. This is important as we continue to position Singapore as a leading international hub for legal services. Chairman, ultimately, access to justice and the growth of Singapore as a legal hub are mutually reinforcing goals. I am grateful for MinLaw's efforts on these fronts and look forward to the continued development of its initiatives. [(proc text) Question proposed. (proc text)] Extradition”
“I wish to focus on two components of the vision to develop Singapore as an international legal hub: talent and technology. First, talent. The sustainability of legal practice has come into sharp focus in recent years, particularly with concerns about attrition and the long-term viability of private practice. At the Legal Profession Symposium 2025, the Honourable Chief Justice described the sustainability of private practice as an "urgent" issue. In my own practice and experience, I have noted a higher turnover amongst young lawyers in recent times, to the extent that young lawyers are leaving legal practice but remain in the legal profession, such as by going in-house. I do not think that is a loss to the legal industry as a whole but in fact, helps the legal industry because a thriving pool of in-house talent is necessary for Singapore's success both as an economic and legal hub. However, we would like to keep young lawyers in private practice too. Last year, the Ethics and Professional Standards Committee recommended that the Singapore Academy of Law develop a core set of workplace principles aimed at maintaining the sustainability of legal practice. Most of these guidelines are well considered and it will be important for both law firms and other stakeholders to adopt practices which support professional development and well-being. Second, technology, in particular the responsible and forward-looking use of AI. Last year, MinLaw conducted a public consultation on a proposed Guide for Using GenAI in the Legal Sector. The aim is to support the legal sector in harnessing opportunities, while navigating the challenges associated with using AI technology and being mindful of professional obligations in the delivery of legal services.”
“This reflects a holistic approach to justice which takes into account real circumstances and vulnerabilities of everyday Singaporeans. Beyond structural reforms, we must also consider how technology is reshaping access to justice. The increasing availability of artificial intelligence (AI) tools presents an interesting conundrum. On the one hand, it empowers lay persons to conduct legal research on their own and has the potential to reduce legal costs. On the other, it introduces new risks. For one, lay persons may be tempted to rely on AI tools for legal advice but they may not realise that it is risky for them to do so. In one reported case, the Court found that a litigant in person who relied on AI tools to generate legal submissions cited six fictitious cases. The Court described this as a very serious matter, even for a lay person. While there are ongoing initiatives to provide guidance to practising lawyers on the responsible use of AI, we should also consider providing guidance aimed at laypersons and litigants in person. For example, there could be court notices or online resources aimed at lay persons which explain the limitations of AI tools. True access to justice must also include access to reliable and accurate information. I turn now to the second aspect: the continued development of Singapore as an international hub for legal services. This ambition cuts across multiple domains, including the strengthening of our dispute resolution system and institutions, such as the Singapore International Arbitration Centre, the Singapore International Mediation Centre and the Singapore International Commercial Court. Together, they form a complementary and attractive ecosystem for parties involved in international commercial disputes.”
“Chairman, I move, "That the total sum to be allocated for Head R of the Estimates be reduced by $100". I declare my interest as a practising lawyer. Over the years, MinLaw has played a critical role in strengthening the foundations of our legal system. Today, I wish to focus on two aspects of the Ministry's work. First, its initiatives aimed at enhancing Singaporeans' access to justice; and second, its efforts to grow Singapore as a trusted and leading hub for legal services. First, access to justice. This is not an abstract ideal. It concerns the ability of ordinary Singaporeans and businesses to understand and assert their rights in a meaningful way. A strong legal system must serve not only large corporations and sophisticated litigants, but also parties who do not have deep pockets. In recent years, MinLaw has taken important steps in this direction. For example, in 2022, reforms were studied to improve family proceedings so that they would be simpler, more efficient, more affordable and less acrimonious. This included enhancements to the process of enforcing maintenance orders aimed at helping to litigants in person. Similarly, in response to feedback that the existing process was expensive and difficult to navigate for the enforcement of judgments, steps were taken to simplify this process too, making enforcement more accessible and cost effective. Most recently, in 2026, MinLaw launched a new taskforce to better support persons with disabilities and mental health conditions in the criminal justice system. This taskforce will examine how the Government can better support such individuals who are at risk of offending or who may interact with the system, including accused persons and victims.”
“Chairman, I would like to thank Minister Edwin Tong, Senior Minister of State Faishal Ibrahim, Senior Minister of State Sim Ann and Minister of State Goh Pei Ming for sharing with us the Ministry's work. And, of course, a big thank you to all the staff at the Ministry, the uniformed personnel. MHA has a big task. Of course, in support of the Budget, I will be withdrawing my cut. I seek your leave to do so. [(proc text) Amendment, by leave, withdrawn. (proc text)] [(proc text) The sum of $9,242,695,600 for Head P ordered to stand part of the Main Estimates. (proc text)] [(proc text) The sum of $2,672,087,400 for Head P ordered to stand part of the Development Estimates. (proc text)]”
“Thank you, Chairman. This is just picking up on a point to do with scams, but also the international aspect of it. I think a lot of scams originate from abroad and one of the pieces of feedback we have is quite often MHA recovers sums from scams, but the time it takes to reach the victims is quite long. It can be a few years; has to go through a disposal hearing and so on. In some cases where the recoveries, for example, with the Fujian gang, maybe from victims who are unidentifiable, there is a large sum of money, it is not so easy to know how that money will be distributed. So, is MHA considering having some simplified processes so that amounts recovered from scams can be returned to victims more expeditiously?”
“Thank you, Chairman. I thank Minister of State Goh for answering my question on scams. I just have a few clarifications, Sir. I understand that more scams are now being committed through cryptocurrencies because of the tighter framework we have around bank accounts. Is the Government concerned about scams perpetuated through cryptocurrencies? Are they implementing any measures to deal with this new type of scam?”
“I also support the tough approach we are taking on those in Singapore who facilitate scams, including by opening bank accounts or setting up phone lines. I think taking out the hands and legs for scammers in Singapore will go a long way to fighting this scourge, similar to how we took action against loan shark runners and facilitators to battle that scourge. Ultimately, whether the threat comes from terrorism, cyberattacks, drugs or scams, our response must be anticipatory and grounded in strong partnerships between the Home Team and other stakeholders. I look forward to hearing from the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) on these matters. [(proc text) Question proposed. (proc text)] Mental Health to Reduce Recidivism”
“The convergence of drug abuse with lifestyle trends and online distribution channels means that it is critical that Singapore keeps up its efforts in preventive education, early intervention and strong enforcement against suppliers and traffickers. Fourth, scams. This is perhaps the threat which is felt most closely by Singaporeans today. Statistics show that in 2024, the total amount lost to scams and cybercrime rose to at least $1.1 billion, up from $651.8 million in 2023. In the first half of 2025, the amount lost was about $456.4 million, a 12.6% decrease from the year before but still a significant figure. The situation remains serious, including a sharp increase in certain types of scams. For example, Government official impersonation scams in the first half of 2025 almost tripled to 1,762 cases, with the amounts lost to this type of scam increasing by about 89% to $126.5 million. Scammers are increasingly sophisticated, leveraging AI-generated voices, deepfakes, spoofed numbers and social engineering tactics to create urgency and fear. The number of cases and scale of losses show that this is a threat which requires coordinated action across government agencies, banks, telecommunications companies (telcos) and digital platforms. We must harness technology to address the threat of scams. This includes detecting suspicious transaction patterns in real time, strengthening digital forensics and cross-border intelligence cooperation to disrupt syndicates and embedding stronger safeguards in our banking and payment systems. At the same time, we must continue to focus on public education and equip Singaporeans with the knowledge and tools to spot and respond to scam activities.”
“In the latest Singapore Cyber Landscape report, the Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA) noted a significant increase in cyber attacks. For example, phishing attempts reported to the CSA increased from 4,100 in 2023 to 6,100 in 2024, an increase of 49%. Ransomware cases reported to the CSA increased from 132 in 2023 to 159 in 2024, an increase of 21%. 5.00 pm Such cyberattacks can halt operations, especially for organisations which have vulnerable systems. As Singapore digitalises further – from healthcare to transport to financial services – the potential impact of a successful attack grows exponentially. Our response must therefore include hardening critical infrastructure, investing in threat detection and strengthening incident response capabilities across agencies and sectors. Third, drugs. While Singapore's overall drug situation is under control, drugs continue to be a threat to Singapore's stability. The Central Narcotics Bureau's (CNB's) latest annual statistics show that the number of drug abusers arrested increased modestly from 3,175 in 2024 to 3,208 in 2025. However, new drug abusers increased by 17% to 1,165 in 2025. Of the 1,165 new drug abusers arrested in 2025, half were below 30 years old. New drug abusers arrested below 30 years old and 20 years old increased by 9% and 22% respectively in 2025. In addition, thousands have been caught for possession or use of e-vaporisers since enhanced enforcement began in 2025. In many cases, what may appear to youths as a lifestyle product has become a gateway to drug abuse, exposing them to serious health risks. This suggests two worrying trends: first, the supply of illegal drugs remains persistent; and second, demand for illegal drugs is increasingly coming from youths.”
“Most recently, in November 2025, a 14-year-old Secondary 3 student who was self-radicalised online was issued with a Restriction Order under the ISA. Technology is emerging as an enabler for radicalisation. Social media and artificial intelligence (AI) can generate and translate propaganda, produce convincing synthetic media, scale personalised recruitment and even assist in attack planning. The ISD notes that a 17-year-old ISIS supporter detained in September 2024 used an AI chatbot to generate a "bai’ah", an oath of allegiance, to ISIS, and a declaration of armed jihad against non-Muslims to inspire other Muslims in Singapore to engage in armed violence. In another example, a 17-year-old far-right extremist supporter used an AI chatbot to look for instructions on the production of ammunition and considered producing his own firearms for his local attack plans using three-dimensional printing. In the recent case in November 2025, the ISD noted that family members and schoolmates were aware of the youth’s extremist views and tried to dissuade him, but they did not report him to the authorities. There is a lesson to be learned here. We should continue to educate the public and instil messages that the early reporting is protective, not punitive, and can prevent tragedy. Therefore, apart from enforcement, our counter-terrorism efforts must include strong community partnerships, digital literacy and early upstream intervention. Second, cyberattacks. Cyberattacks continue to be a threat to countries worldwide and Singapore is no exception. They are a national security issue because they can disrupt essential services, compromise sensitive information and erode trust in digital systems which Singapore relies on.”
“Chairman, I beg to move, "That the total sum to be allocated for Head P of the Estimates be reduced by $100". Our threat environment is more complex than it has ever been. The pace of change is accelerating and hostile actors are quick to exploit new technologies. It is important that Singapore anticipate threats early and invest in capabilities early on to address these threats. I focus on four areas which feature heavily in Singapore’s domestic threat landscape; namely, terrorism, cyberattacks, drugs and scams, and look forward to hearing the Ministry’s plans on all these fronts. First, terrorism. The threat to Singapore remains concerning. Globally, terrorist groups continue to incite violence while ongoing conflicts, including those in the Middle East, can inflame sentiments and be exploited by extremists. Singapore’s international profile and our multicultural society make us an attractive target. A worrying trend is that of self-radicalisation, which is accelerated by the online environment. According to the Internal Security Department (ISD), between July 2024 and July 2025, at least eight self-radicalised Singaporeans were dealt with under the Internal Security Act (ISA). The ISD also notes that the timeline from exposure to radicalisation can be as short as weeks. We should pay particular attention to youth radicalisation. Youths are particularly vulnerable to radicalisation as they tend to be digital natives, more easily swayed by emotive narratives and are more susceptible to influence. The ISD has reported that 17 youths aged 20 and below have been dealt with under the ISA since 2015, with more than two-thirds in the last five years; nine intended to mount local attacks, with three in 2025 alone.”
“Thank you, Chairman. Minister, I think some of the threats I had discussed, including terrorism and cybersecurity, are likely to be cross domain and involve other Ministries, such as the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), and potentially, MDDI. Could the Minister share how MINDEF works with other Ministries to deal with these threats?”
“We also contribute to the Counter Terrorism Information Facility, working alongside like-minded countries to exchange information and provide early warning of potential terrorist plots. In maritime security, Singapore contributes to the Information Fusion Centre, which facilitates timely information sharing on maritime threats. We also participate in coordinated patrols in the Malacca Straits with Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand, and support broader international anti-piracy efforts. These practical initiatives demonstrate how defence diplomacy and security cooperation can directly enhance our security and regional stability. As the strategic environment evolves, it may be timely to consider how we can further strengthen and adapt this web of partnerships. Will Singapore explore new partnerships with like-minded nations or find meaningful ways to deepen existing relationships with countries to share our commitment to international law and to dealing with multilateral security frameworks. Are there new areas in which Singapore is looking to collaborate with other countries as well? 2.15 pm MINDEF/SAF in a Dynamic Landscape”
“Chairman, the global geopolitical environment is becoming increasingly complex and uncertain. Major power competition has sharpened and long-standing institutions are under strain. Even alliances, such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which have underpinned decades of stability, face questions about cohesion and a potential fracture. While Singapore is not party to these alliances, any significant shift in the global security environment will inevitably have wider implications. Against this backdrop, I would like to ask about whether MINDEF intends to refine its approach to building defence relations with key partners and if so, how it intends to do that. Singapore's long-standing strategy has been to anchor our security in a strong defence force, supported by a diversified network of defence partnerships. This has served us well. Our close relationships with countries, such as the United States (US) and Australia, have enabled us to expand our training arrangements and to enhance our military's readiness. The Five Power Defence Arrangements continues to provide a practical and flexible platform for interoperability through regular exercises. Within our region, the ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting (ADMM) and ADMM-Plus bring together the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and key external partners, including China, India, Japan and others, to strengthen dialogue and cooperation in defence and security. Beyond traditional defence cooperation, we already work closely with partners to address transnational threats. In counterterrorism, Singapore has strengthened information-sharing with regional partners to enhance collective early warning capabilities, including through the ASEAN Our Eyes Initiative.”
“Our diplomats' capacity to operate across these intersections is crucial. MFA's work is especially important in these uncertain times. I support the Ministry's work and its continued efforts and look forward to hearing about the Ministry's plans in response to the challenges we face. Foreign Policy for a Networked Economy”
“We must deepen ties not only with major powers, but also across regions, such as Asia, the Middle East, Europe and other markets. It also means supporting high-quality trade agreements and looking into emerging areas beyond traditional commerce. By participating actively in shaping new economic rules, we can ensure that emerging standards and frameworks align with our interests and values. At the same time, of course, we must continue to strengthen our economic resilience at home, so that external shocks do not disproportionately affect Singapore's economic position. Third, on security, it is also important that we maintain balanced and good relationships. Our ties with the US and China, and other key partners each serve distinct and important interests. We should continue to engage all sides constructively, without being drawn into taking zero-sum positions. This requires careful calibration as well as a clear articulation of our national interests, so that engagement with one partner does not come at the expense of another. Finally, ASEAN remains important to our strategy. A cohesive and credible ASEAN provides Southeast Asia with collective weight and agency. Singapore should continue to strengthen ASEAN-led platforms which promote dialogue and cooperation. Unfortunately, ASEAN is facing its own challenges, with Myanmar's participation limited by its political problems and the war between Thailand and Cambodia marking the first military confrontation between two ASEAN countries. In order to achieve these objectives, we must invest in diplomatic capability. To conduct foreign policy effectively, it is important that our diplomats have deep expertise. Foreign policy today extends beyond traditional policy-making into domains, such as economics, climate and technology.”
“Chairman, I thank MFA for navigating in this complex external environment. I have talked about the breakdown in the international world order in my speech for the Budget debate. Today, I want to focus on how Singapore conducts foreign policy and the relationships it maintains, particularly in relation to free trade and security. The central challenge before us is this: the assumptions that underpinned the post-Cold War order, such as open markets and compliance with international law, can no longer be taken for granted. Therefore, the question is how Singapore should adapt to the evolving global environment in its conduct of foreign policy. I wish to make a few points. First, we must be clear about what should not change. Singapore's foreign policy is anchored in the principles of sovereignty and the rule of law. For a small state, like Singapore, international law ensures that our rights are protected. Even when major powers disregard rules, it is not in our interest to do the same. We must remain consistent and ensure that when Singapore speaks on international issues, other countries recognise that Singapore is credible and its positions are consistent with its own conduct. When Singapore speaks on international issues, other countries recognise that its positions not based on expediency or convenience. Second, in relation to free trade, we must recognise that globalisation is entering a more fragmented phase. Economic relationships are increasingly shaped by strategic considerations. For example, as I have mentioned during the Budget debate, the US' position on the imposition of tariffs has been troubling. In this environment, Singapore's approach must be to remain open and connected. This means that we must actively diversify our economic partnerships.”
“I look forward to hearing the Government's detailed plans to improving the TFR and playing a role in supporting in the childbearing journey. A Refreshed Population Strategy”
“Chairman, Singapore's latest resident total fertility rate (TFR) stands at 0.97, a historic low. There are several drivers for this, all of which are common across developed countries. First, family formation is occurring later. As marriage and first births shift into the 30s, the biological and practical window for having children narrows. Second, the costs of raising children have risen. This includes financial costs, such as housing, childcare and education, as well as opportunity costs. The perceived career penalty of motherhood remains real, so many higher-earning women postpone parenthood. Third, recent years have also been marked by changes in attitudes towards parenthood. As reflected in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) report, both young men and women increasingly find meaning in life outside of parenthood and there is a broad movement towards an increased acceptance of not having children. These are common threads across developed countries, with France and the Nordic countries having the best TFR in the developed world. Although, even in these countries, it is falling – with Sweden and Norway now at 1.43 and 1.44; and France at 1.62. The one common thread these countries have though, is a heavy socialisation of childcare related costs, all the way from childcare to university, with healthcare costs being state-provided and long periods of parental leave. It was reported in 2021 that France allocates 3.6% of its gross domestic product (GDP) to family policy, which is among the highest in the OECD. The general pattern is that the greater the role the state plays in the childbearing processes, the more likely it appears people are to have children. And on this topic, I am a socialist.”
“We maintain strong defence and economic ties with the US, engage constructively with China, and remain firmly anchored in ASEAN. This balanced posture allows us to facilitate dialogue. Our consistency and credibility are our strategic assets. 12.30 pm Singapore’s role is not to choose sides in power competition. It is to maintain open channels with all while remaining firmly grounded in principles of sovereignty, peaceful dispute resolution, open trade and international law. This means we must speak clearly when rules are violated, but avoid rhetoric which will unnecessarily escalate tensions. We must continue to deepen ties broadly, so that no single relationship defines our position in international relations. Mr Speaker, while we cannot control the direction of the global order, our preparedness to navigate the global order is within our control. By combining principle with pragmatism, and openness with resilience, Singapore can continue to thrive, even in a more uncertain world.”
“For example, in the digital domain, Singapore has pioneered the Digital Economy Agreements with trusted partners to establish common rules on cross-border data flows, cybersecurity and digital trade. Such agreements help shape global norms and position Singapore as a trusted digital hub. Going forward, Singapore can continue to champion issue-based coalitions in areas such as green and sustainable finance, carbon markets and emerging technologies. Such coalitions complement and not replace the broader multilateral system. Third, as a small nation, it is important that Singapore strengthen its capacity in emerging domains of competition. Today, security is multi-dimensional and extends well beyond conventional military threats. Strategic contest between nations increasingly play out in domains such as cyberspace, artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, space assets and the resilience of critical infrastructure. For example, cyberattacks can disrupt essential services including power generation and banking. Disinformation can erode social cohesion. Singapore must therefore invest decisively in these emerging domains. Strengthening cyber defence capabilities, enhancing digital resilience across both public and private sectors, and building trusted AI governance frameworks which will be essential and which is envisioned by this Budget. By doing so, we not only protect ourselves but also enhance our relevance in the international arena. Fourth, Singapore is in a unique position to play a bridging role in the new world order. In a world of intensifying major power rivalry, countries that can maintain credibility across divides become increasingly valuable. Singapore has long cultivated a reputation as a consistent, honest and trusted partner.”
“Going forward, we must continue to champion international law and multilateralism while widening and deepening our network of partnerships. I wish to make the following observations. First, while we continue to advocate multilateralism, it is equally important to recognise that many international institutions were established in an era where great powers were more willing to cooperate consistently within established frameworks. Today, the legitimacy and effectiveness of these institutions are increasingly being challenged due to divergent national interests and competition. Consider the United Nations. Although the UN Charter remains the foundational framework for international peace and security, the UN Security Council has been hampered by geopolitical divisions. When permanent members are in conflict or have opposing interests, collective action can be difficult to achieve. Collective action under the UN banner has not been possible in most of the conflicts today. For a small nation like Singapore, we must recognise that when large powers do not cooperate within multilateral fora, the system becomes weaker and the norms which such international institutions uphold become more vulnerable. Small states have the most to lose when rules are eroded. This leads me to my second observation which is about minilateralism. As the World Economic Forum puts it, minilateralism typically involves small groups of countries or organisations collaborating to solve shared problems. While multilateral institutions remain essential, and we must continue to support them, smaller groupings of like-minded states can move faster and more pragmatically when progress stalls at the global levels through smaller agreements. Singapore has already demonstrated this approach.”
“During the Budget debate in 2022, I said that we need to remain committed to defence spending even during times of peace, and while there will be many demands for our spending and it will always be tempting to say we should cut defence spending in times of peace, that will be a mistake. I also said that we must continue to maintain and build good and deep relations as well as mutually beneficial economic and defence ties with as many countries as possible. I remain firmly of that view. In this connection, I welcome the Government’s continued commitment to invest in Singapore’s defence, including physical warfare capabilities as well as cyber defence and counter-terrorism capabilities. A credible and technologically advanced defence force remains the bedrock of our sovereignty. Beyond its defence capabilities, however, Singapore has very sensibly also adopted the strategy of diversifying its foreign relationships and defence relationships. On the security front, we maintain strong and longstanding defence ties with the US, including close training and operational cooperation. At the same time, we engage constructively with other nations, including China and ASEAN partners. As for economic trade, Singapore currently has 28 Free Trade Agreements spanning Asia, Europe and the Americas. We are part of major regional agreements such as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, which bind countries to common standards and open markets. These agreements provide multiple avenues for growth and reduce over-dependence on any one market. They also signal Singapore’s continued commitment to open, rules-based trade despite global protectionist trends.”
“While international law remains indispensable, we must also be realistic and prepare for a world in which non-compliance is going to be more common and where major powers may not always abide by either the letter or the spirit of international commitments. Recent events underscore this reality. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine represents a clear violation of the United Nations (UN) Charter and the principle of territorial integrity. In the Middle East, the conflict triggered by Hamas’ attacks on Israel on and the subsequent war in Gaza have intensified regional instability and humanitarian crises and the findings of breaches of international law. In our own region, tensions in the South China Sea continue to test the strength of international maritime law. The most dramatic changes in the last two years have probably been the position of the US. The main concern last year was the imposition of tariffs on allies and competitors alike. This year, the capture of the Venezuelan President was contrary to the peremptory norms against the use of force. The US plans to take Greenland put it on a collision course with its European allies and threatened to fracture the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), especially when it appeared that the US was considering the use of force to take Greenland in its earlier statements. Together, these statements suggest that while international law remains vital, compliance can no longer be assumed or taken for granted. For small countries like Singapore, it is especially important for us to stay vigilant and prepared to deal with emerging threats and challenges.”
“Mr Speaker, I support this Budget. This Budget covers a great many areas and as in previous years, supports Singaporeans in a range of thoughtful ways: providing support for young families who wish to have children, working adults who need support to get better jobs, seniors to have better healthcare and quality of life in their later years and businesses as they cope with a range of disruptions. These are all welcome measures and are possible because of Singapore’s strong fiscal position, thanks to decades of prudent financial management by successive generations of leaders. In my speech though, I wish to focus on one area that troubles me most – the breakdown of the international world order that provided a stable backdrop for Singapore’s success since Independence. For decades, an international rules-based order grounded in international law has underpinned global peace and prosperity. For small states like Singapore, this framework better ensured that sovereignty was respected, disputes are resolved peacefully and trade flowed freely. It gives small states like Singapore a measure of protection in a world which may otherwise have been dominated by power politics. Over the years, Singapore has consistently advocated for a rules-based multilateral system and respect for international law. However, the global environment is rapidly evolving. We are witnessing heightened geopolitical rivalry, economic fragmentation and a growing willingness by some states to prioritise what they believe to be national interests over collective commitments.”
“I thank the Minister of State for the reply. And I think the age assurance practices are probably a good first step. I would just like to clarify whether the social media platforms are then required to take steps to prevent these young users from using those platforms. Because I think there are two issues: one is harmful content, and the second is addiction to the platforms itself even if the content may not be ostensibly harmful. So, that is why a clean block and putting the obligation on the social media platform to verify age before the users are allowed to use it, sounds like a tidy solution – and that is what they have done in Australia. It is not perfect, but it sets a clear line.”
“One suggestion would be to see if this electronic transaction system can be linked to the Land Register such that if an option were issued in relation to the property, this may be automatically be reflected on the Land Register without the need to lodge a caveat. All my suggestions are aimed at the future of electronic transaction system. I think this is an important improvement and I thank the Ministry and SLA for this initiative, which should make the conveyancing process simpler for everyone transacting in property. On the electronic facilitation of the LPA process, this is also to be welcomed and generally, I agree that any process that makes it easy for parties to enter into an LPA, the better it is. The only small caveat I would add is that the Act envisions that where the power of attorney is donated in favour of a family member, this is one of the factors that suggest that the transaction is low risk. The only point I would make, which I am sure the Senior Minister of State is familiar with, is that based on the reported cases, most disputes around powers of attorney are disputes amongst family members. I hope that presumption will not be given too much weight if there are many other family members who are not involved in the process. Notwithstanding this comment, I support the Bill.”