YouSaid · the spoken record

Anna Frebel

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167
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2023-05-18
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2023-05-18
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1
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podcast

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  1. “Yes. So we just don't know how this turned out in an individual case. And it's kind of hard to Figure it all out and to take a look, certainly with planets, the chance forever actually take a picture of a planet is minuscule because they don't shine. So they're really dark. So I'd say there's a lot of possibility out there. We have to be a little bit more patient before”

    2023-05-18 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #378 – Anna Frebel: Origin and Evolution of the Universe, Galaxies, and Stars · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  2. “No, no. And the local conditions are so varied, right? I mean, it's the same with, you know, all people look like people, but individually we look very different.”

    2023-05-18 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #378 – Anna Frebel: Origin and Evolution of the Universe, Galaxies, and Stars · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  3. “All of it. Star formation remains a much research topic. We definitely know that it works because all the stars are there. Same for the planets. But the details are so varied, poor gas cloud, right? It's very hard to come up with very detailed prescriptions. Broadly, we have figured it out. You need a gas cloud. You need to cool it. Something clumps and fragments and somehow it makes a star with planets or without.”

    2023-05-18 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #378 – Anna Frebel: Origin and Evolution of the Universe, Galaxies, and Stars · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  4. “Will definitely be very different. I mean, the variety out there is huge. We now know now that I think it's about every other star has at least one planet. I already mentioned the number of stars in the galaxy. I mean, it's a huge number of planets out there. So who knows what that looks like? All we know is that there is a lot of variety. We don't quite yet understand what drives that, what governs that, why that is the case, why is it not all one size fits all?”

    2023-05-18 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #378 – Anna Frebel: Origin and Evolution of the Universe, Galaxies, and Stars · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  5. “Yeah, I always wanted to travel into space and see the earth and other things from up there. There certainly that, but I don't know, it's also okay to just be at our vantage point and see it from here.”

    2023-05-18 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #378 – Anna Frebel: Origin and Evolution of the Universe, Galaxies, and Stars · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  6. “I don't know. I don't feel small necessarily. I feel in awe and I feel I'm a part of it because I can really feel that I'm a part of it. I think for many people, they think like, oh, there's just the planet and then there's nothing. And that's almost a little bit sad, but that's really not the case, right? Because there's so much more. And I really like to imagine, wow, I'm sitting in this big galactic merry-go-round and we're going around the center and I can see the center. Above me, right? And I can almost feel like we're going there. Of course, we can't really feel that. But the sun does circle the galactic center”

    2023-05-18 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #378 – Anna Frebel: Origin and Evolution of the Universe, Galaxies, and Stars · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  7. “Travel to the southern hemisphere, let's say South America, you see the Miki and it looks so different on the sky because that's the next inner spiral arm and that's backlit by the galactic center. The Galactic Center is a very big puffy region of gas. There's a lot of star formation, the galactic party is happening there. So it's very bright and it makes for this very beautiful Milky Way on the night sky that we see. So actually if you ever get the chance to experience that, I encourage you to almost like close your eyes while seeing this and imagining that you're sitting in this kind of disc, in this pancake and you're just kind of looking right into it and you can really feel that we're in this 2D disc and then you can imagine that there's a top and a bottom and that we're really part of the galaxy. You can really experience that. We're just not just lost in space somewhere, but we're really a part of it and knowing a little bit about the structure of the Mickey Wave really helps.”

    2023-05-18 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #378 – Anna Frebel: Origin and Evolution of the Universe, Galaxies, and Stars · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  8. “I love that question. So the galaxy is a huge assembly of stars, the Mickey Way contains something like 200 to 400 billion stars. And most of the material and the stars are in the disk. And when we look at the night sky, what we see as the Milky Way band on the sky, that is actually the inner, the next inner spiral arm because we actually live in a spiral disk galaxies or the Mickey Was a spiral disk galaxy. And we're looking actually depends a little bit in the northern hemisphere. We're looking out of the galaxy. So we're seeing the next outer spiral arm. And as you can imagine, there's only dark space behind that. So we don't see it all that nice on the sky. But if you”

    2023-05-18 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #378 – Anna Frebel: Origin and Evolution of the Universe, Galaxies, and Stars · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  9. “Through that kind of process, and that's why we find them in the outer parts of the galaxy today, because they're just kind of deaf and just left there since.”

    2023-05-18 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #378 – Anna Frebel: Origin and Evolution of the Universe, Galaxies, and Stars · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  10. “Totally. And so we think the earliest little stars formed, I don't know, maybe half a billion years after the Big Bang, right? Again, a few hundred million years for the first stars to emerge and then took some time. So give or take half a billion years. And that was the time when sort of the very first proto-galaxies formed early stellar structures, stellar systems from which the Mickey Way eventually formed, right? So it was the Mickey was probably a bigger, slightly bigger one. And we know today that galaxies grow hierarchically, which means they eat their smaller neighbors. So if you're the bigger one and have a few friends around, you're just going to eat them, absorb them, and then you grow bigger. And so all these little early stars kind of came into the Mickey Way.”

    2023-05-18 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #378 – Anna Frebel: Origin and Evolution of the Universe, Galaxies, and Stars · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  11. “Mostly converged, yes, because the techniques are very different now, much more precise. The whole business of precision cosmology by mapping out the cosmic microwave background, that's a marvelous feature. Maybe, you know, the digits will still move around a little bit, but that's all right.”

    2023-05-18 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #378 – Anna Frebel: Origin and Evolution of the Universe, Galaxies, and Stars · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  12. “So that gives us a chance to still observe some of the stars that formed back then. So we are testing the conditions, the chemical and physical conditions of the early universe even before the galaxy formed.”

    2023-05-18 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #378 – Anna Frebel: Origin and Evolution of the Universe, Galaxies, and Stars · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  13. “Yeah, pretty much. So it took a few hundred million years for the first stars to emerge. And then they exploded after a few million years. Kaboom. And then it's like, I always consider the universe like a nice soup. And then these first supernova explosions kind of provided the salt, you know, just a little sprinkle of heavier elements. And that made it really tasty. Just changed it completely, right? And that changed the physics of the gas. So that meant that these gas clouds that were surrounding the former first stars, they could now cool down and clump and form the next generation of stars that now included also little stars. And as I just mentioned, the small stars have these really long lifetimes. The sun has a lifetime of 10 billion years. Any star that is even less massive will have an even longer lifetime.”

    2023-05-18 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #378 – Anna Frebel: Origin and Evolution of the Universe, Galaxies, and Stars · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  14. “So, those first low mass das that formed back then are still observable today. That is actually what I do. I try to find these early survivors because they tell us what the gas looked like back then. They have preserved that composition of these early gas clouds, the chemical compositions until today. So I don't need to look very far into the universe to study all the beginnings. I can just chemically analyze the oldest stars and it's like unpacking everything that happened back then. It's very exciting.”

    2023-05-18 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #378 – Anna Frebel: Origin and Evolution of the Universe, Galaxies, and Stars · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  15. “Yeah, so after the Big Bang, just hydrogen and helium, we don't really need to talk too much about lithium because the amount of it was so small. And after these fair four stars formed and exploded, they heavier elements like carbon, oxygen, magnesium, iron, all of that stuff was suddenly present in the gas clouds in tiny amounts only, very tiny amounts. But that actually helped, especially the carbon and the oxygen, to make the gas cool. These atoms are more complicated than hydrogen. That's just a proton. And the cool thing about that is that when you have small stars like the Sun, they have a really long lifetime.”

    2023-05-18 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #378 – Anna Frebel: Origin and Evolution of the Universe, Galaxies, and Stars · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  16. “And so the very first stars that formed prior to any galaxies were very massive stars, big stars. Hundred times the mass of the sun. And they were made from just hydrogen and helium. So big stars explode pretty fast. After a few million years only, that's very short on cosmic time scales. And in the explosions, they provided the first heavier elements to the universe because in their cores, all stars, fuse, lighter elements like hydrogen helium into heavier ones. And then that goes all the way up to iron. And then all that material gets ejected in these massive supernova explosions. And that marked a really, really important transition in the universe because after that first explosion, it was no longer chemically pristine. And that set the stage for everything else to happen, including us here talking today.”

    2023-05-18 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #378 – Anna Frebel: Origin and Evolution of the Universe, Galaxies, and Stars · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  17. “Well, we scientists believe there was the Big Bang, some big beginning But what is important for my work, and I think that's what we're going to talk about, is what kind of elements were present at that time. So the Big Bang left a universe behind that was made of just hydrogen and helium and tiny little sprinkles of lithium. And that was pretty much it. And as it turns out, it's actually quite hard to make stars or any structure from that. That's fairly hot gas.”

    2023-05-18 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #378 – Anna Frebel: Origin and Evolution of the Universe, Galaxies, and Stars · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source