YouSaid · the spoken record

Bob Metcalfe

lines on the record: 141
first: 2018-02-14
most recent: 2018-02-14
sittings or episodes: 1
sources: podcast

Every line below is reproduced as it was said and linked to the record it came from. Nothing here is summarised or generated. Directory · Search · Corrections

“Well, I was an engineer at Xerox. And they had a charm school that is, this company was so big they had their own university in Virginia, and you could go there if you want as part of your development”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Well, they become human. I mean, when you become human, you can see the limitation. They're human beings. If they can do it, you can do it. And the question is how to figure it out.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“So suddenly I'm surrounded by entrepreneurs and role models, and so I guess that was the beginning of it. And I was involved in starting three companies at MIT as an undergraduate. and then a little bit in grad school. And then I moved from 128 to Palo Alto, which was beginning to be Silicon Valley. So you could say I moved Silicon Valley from, or I was doing it the same year anyway. And there I suddenly surrounded, you know, I met Steve Jobs, I met Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard and Bob Neuson, all of them. And there is one impression that you walk away with when you meet those people, when you meet people like that. The impression is if this person can start a company, then I can.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“So, my parents were not entrepreneurial. Bailey, Abraham, and Metcalf Electronics, and it lasted a year and its purpose was to fix TVs. TVs were new then, and they would break, and the way you fixed them is to replace tubes. So he had a company to replace tubes. But eventually, Metcalf believed that he was the hardest working of the three, and Bailey thought he was the hardest working of the three, and Abramson thought he was, so the company blew apart in a year. But that's as close as my family got to entrepreneurship. But then it went to MIT. And when I arrived there in 64, MIT was at the heart of what would later be called Silicon Valley on the East Coast, so Route 128 was...”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Oh, that's easy. In 1979, on June 4th, when the company was founded, what I wanted to accomplish with this company was to connect computers together. And what we had discovered in building the ARPANET is that every vendor of computers had their own programming languages and operating systems and computer protocols for communication. So the purpose of my company was to provide computer communication compatibility. Calm, calm, calm three come. So that's where I got”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Xerox Research Center was a time machine, and I took it out ten years into the future, filled Xerox with PCs and LANs and laser printers and internet routing boxes, and it was good, and everyone could see that it was good. So when I wrote that slide that night, I was not lying. I was predicting based on 10 years of experience what would happen, and it proved true when my company went successfully public. Ten years later, that slide which said that the value of a network grows as the square of the number of connections or users by a man named George Gilder, he called it Metcalfe's law. So since 1995, I've been enjoying and defending Metcalfe's law.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“The reason your network is not useful is that it's too small. And what's the remedy to that? More of our product. And they did. And it proved true that your networks turned useful. And we went public in March of 1984. Now, it's been asked many times, especially by engineers who are suspicious of sales and marketing people, whether that slide was a lie. Was I lying by saying if you made the network bigger, it would be more useful? And the answer is no, I was not lying, and I'm fond of saying it's because I had a time machine.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Network gets bigger and bigger, and the cost goes up linearly, say $1,000 a card. It was like that. But the number of possible connections went up as n squared. That is, each node could talk to the other n. And when you added another node, it could also talk to the other n, which could also talk to it. And if you do the math, the number of possible connections goes up roughly as n squared. So I made this slide showing the linear and then showing the quadratic passing the linear, as it always does, overtakes it at some point, and I call that the critical mass point. And I said, Oh, and then I drew this out, took a picture with a camera because we didn't have PowerPoint. So took a picture with the camera, developed it into 35mm slides, and handed six slides out to my Salesforce, which had six people in it. And we made the following argument”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“So people bought this trial kit and they put their three PCs together and it shared the printer and shared the disk and exchanged the emails. Of course, how useful is email among the three nodes They told us that the product did what it said, but it was not useful. So I then went in a trance. I was head of sales and marketing of the company at that time. By then, I ran over to Stanford. Xerox had donated some early PCs called Altos. We had donated them to Stanford. And I went over there and I had access to the computer room there. And I made up a slide. And the slide basically said that the cost of your network goes up linearly as you buy one of my cards.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“We were running out of money. We had venture capital. So we made up this idea of a trial, a kit, three-node network for $3,000. You get three cards. You can plug them into your three IBM PCs, which were just beginning then. And then you'd hook them together with a cable. And then we had a disquette full of software. And the software allowed you to share a printer so you'd connect a printer to one of the three PCs and then the other two PCs could share it. Or you could put a disc on one of the PCs and then the other two PCs could share it. And then there was software that allowed you to send an email from any one of the three PCs to any one of the other two. And this kit was a $3,000 kit. My company sold it and people bought it because it was novel and interesting. And it worked. That is, people found were heading toward Midcalf's”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Let's see Metcalfe's law for a while. So in 1979, I founded a company called 3Com to deliver the plumbing, to build out the plumbing of the Internet, which was just now spreading. What Ethernet did was allow the Internet to go into a building and visit all the desks. Prior to that, Internet just came to the building and stopped in the computer room. This allowed it to go. And it led, so most machines are on Ethernet, they're not on the internet directly. So my company started selling Ethernet cards about this big, and they would plug into your PC and they'll allow a cable to come to your PC and put it on the Ethernet, which then put it on the internet. And one of the problems my company had in 1981, where there were no personal computers, it was hard to sell.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“That's right, TCPIP transmission control protocol, internet protocol, TCPIP. And the IP is our internet packets. And they have four addresses. They have the Ethernet address, which says where to go locally, like right over there, in order to get closer and closer and closer to the big address, which is the ultimate destination of the packet.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Actually, there's four addresses because there's the destination and the source in the local environment, and then there's the ultimate destination and source. That's an internet protocol address as opposed to an Ethernet address.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And then you take those ones and zeros and you put them into groups, call those bytes, or you could call them fields if they're bigger. So you string a bunch of fields of bits together. And then if you put on the front of it a field which is the address of a place that you'd like these bits to go, then you have the makings of a packet. So a packet is a bunch of bits with an address in the front, and you give that to a packet switch and it sends it off toward this destination. So a packet is a bunch of bits heading in a certain direction with an address on them. Thank you. By the way, there's usually two addresses. Destination address and a source address.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And it's helpful to understand some of the terms. So you've mentioned packet a few times. Can you explain to people what a packet is in the context that you're using it? Okay, so you got to start with bits ones and zeros, and all computing is done roughly speaking with ones and zeros. No, not all computing is done with ones and zeros.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And I had actually practiced some of that at MIT prior, not for networking, but building digital electronics. So I sort of developed a specialty in sending bits one at a time down a long wire. And this device did that. Then when I went to Xerox right after my PhD, I went to Xerox Research, and the first thing I did there was build another one of these devices to connect the Xerox computers into the Internet. And then it was in that moment that we started developing what are called personal computers. So many different avenues we could go down here, but I'd like to help people with Definition because I do find the plumbing of what we now think of as the internet and the web fascinating.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“So I turned around, went down the street to MIT, and they gave me a job doing exactly the same thing. So they paid me, by the way, I was paid more than my Harvard advisor, which is a whole other story. And that annoyed him. I can imagine. So I built this device to connect an imp, that's the packet switch of the internet to the local computer at MIT, PDB10. And I built it. And MIT, I asked MIT, and they said, you can build another one and give it to Harvard if you want. And Harvard wouldn't accept it because it was too important for a graduate student. I built that hardware. Now that hardware could be described as Carrying bits one at a time down a long wire, which is my essential skill.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“I proposed I had just finished learning digital electronics at MIT as electrical engineer, so I'm up at Harvard and I could see that Harvard needed to connect its computer to this packet switch. ARPUP dropped off a packet switch at each of its major universities and connected them with high-speed modems. And then you had to connect your computer to the packet switch. So fresh from MIT digital school, I volunteered at Harvard to build the hardware to connect Harvard's computer to the packet switch. And Harvard, just the beginning of my answer, Harvard said, no, that's too important work to leave to a graduate student.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense used to buy computers for each of its research universities so they could do their computer research. And they got tired of buying one for every So they said, we should do resource sharing. And what that meant was from any campus you'd be able to use all the other computers. At other ARPA sites. So the first app was called Resource Sharing and it meant being able to log in from a terminal in one university and run programs and process your data at another university. And that app was not the killer app. It turned out within a year email became the killer app, but it started out as resource sharing. So as a grad student,”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Where was I going with that? I was asking you about the seeds. Oh, yeah. So when you're a grad student, so I showed up at Harvard in the fall of'69, and I needed to find an advisor and a topic to get my PhD two or three or four, five years, 15 years later. And the big hot computer science research project was Arpinet. It had just been started And so being opportunistic, I said, okay, I'm going to do something. So that's how I ended up in networking was just because that's what grad students do. They do whatever's funded and ARPANET was funded. Could you explain for folks what ARPANET is or was? Well, ARPANET is the Internet. Only it's an early version of the Internet. And there's a lot of debate about that.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And then I went to grad school and I made a mistake, and I went to Harvard grad school, which was terrible. I lasted a week before I was back working at MIT again. Why was that? Because I'm an engineer and Harvard doesn't like engineers. I see. To this day. Got it. By the way, you would think that by now, 50 years later, I would have lost this bitterness toward Harvard. But I haven't. It's still here. And that's a long story. Which you could ask me about later because it has some fun parts. I will ask you that. The roots of my animosity toward Harvard University.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Your interest, when did your interest in networks develop? I don't know if ARPANET came in early in that interest in networking or later, but how did you become interested in what would ultimately become Ethernet? I mean, what were the seeds that led you down that path? Well, I had MIT between 64 and 69 was a computer science student, but there was no computer science then, so I was an electrical engineer and a management student at the same time.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“I had in my office at Xerox the most modern computer terminal in the world a Texas instrument's silent seven hundred, and it could type characters on a piece of paper at thirty characters per second, and those characters arrived over a thick cable that carried the bits at three hundred bits per second. Remember that number, 300. When Dave Boggs and I built the first Ethernet, it ran at 2.94 megabits per second, roughly 10,000 times faster. So in one day, we went from 300 bits per second to roughly 3 megabits per second. So that is the principal change. We began to think of bandwidth, not scarcity, not as a scarce commodity, but in abundance, because we had 10,000 times more than we'd had before.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“So Ethernet is the plumbing of the internet. Its job is to carry packets around physically around the world on these interconnected Ethernets. So But everything they do eventually becomes launching packets around the network. So we're the plumbing.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And then around 1900 it was shown there was no ether. The light got here without a medium. So the word ether fell into disuse, and it was there for us. So omnipresent, this cable would go everywhere, completely passive. It wasn't powered, it just sat there, and it was a medium for the propagation of electromagnetic waves, our data packets, so hence Ethernet. That's how it happened.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“While in building the network we chose to use a thick, a half inch thick coaxial cable to shared among all the attached PCs to carry the packets back and forth among the PCs But we chose the coax for very particular reasons, and we anticipated maybe if we did it again, we would choose a different medium, twisted pair or optical fibers or radio, for example. So we didn't call it COAX net. We called it a generic thing, and there was this word ether floating around. The ether was once thought to carry light from the sun to the earth, the luminiferous ether. Light bearing.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“May 22nd, 1973, I was sitting in my office at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in Palo Alto, California, and I had been given the job for the first time in the history of the world networking a building full of personal computers because there weren't any personal computers in 1973 to speak of. And I was lucky enough to get that job. So leading up to that May 22nd day, you know, some ideation and travel and so on. But on that day, I sat down at my IBM Selectric typewriter and typed the memo outlining how Ethernet would work. So that's the Ethernet memo.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Well, one of the things I learned in tennis is the value of getting a coach. So I was blessed with coaches in both high school and college who knew how to teach. You can win a tennis but you can also teach tennis and those are not the same thing and I had great coaches. But they would point out weaknesses. So I guess my answer to your question is I focused on fixing things that were wrong with my game to bring the whole thing up to acceptable level because your opponent will find your weakness and play it. So you have to be sure not to have too many of those.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Well, my specialty was doubles, and I love to play with a partner and have teamwork and have specialties. And that was another way of winning, because if you can optimize the two players, one's good at hitting hard, one's good at chasing the ball down, one's good at the second serve, and you just play the strengths of the two players. That was a part I really liked the best. So that sixth ranking in New England in 1972 was my highest ranking ever. And it was achieved with Brookfield, Skip Brookfield, who knocked the hell out of the ball, but it usually went out. See tennis, you learn to hit the ball harder and harder and harder, but it's more important for it to be in. Skip never had that, but he could knock the hell out of the ball.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“I played public or tennis. I learned tennis at Bayshore school system on asphalt. And when I say asphalt, I don't mean hard courts. I mean like the kind they make roads out of. Then our courts were asphalt. And my coach used to say Van Ostrin was his name, you only have to win the last point. And so the goal is to get the ball back one more time than anybody else. And so I tended to outlast people on the points.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Now that came later, I think my competition was channeled in tennis. I played a lot of tennis every weekend at a tournament, practice during the week. I played varsity tennis at MIT. I was captain of the MIT tennis team So played a lot there in three or four hours a day. And I love to win and I beat a lot of, everybody I ever beat always told me they were having a bad day.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“End of high school? No, no, that's the end of four years after my PhD, I got the same year. I got it. So I was 20-something.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Throw my racket, I don't smash it, I don't get upset. I try to correct and improve. And I think that makes a big difference. My doubles partner actually would take his racket and smash it on the tennis post. Now, in those days, you'd carry two or three rackets, so he would smash it. They were wooden rackets, by the way. So when you smash it, it was quite dramatic. But I never smashed a racket because I tried to channel my energy, and that made me a more effective competitor.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“1972 was ranked sixth in New England with my doubles partner in Tubbles and we secured that position by losing in the semi-finals of the New England hardcore championship. So that's an effective way of staying out here. What makes Good competitor. Tennis or otherwise could be specific to tennis When you say you learn to compete, What is the before and after look like once someone is Lots of differences, but the one I hang on is that some people, when they miss a shot, they'll throw their rackets. So, one of the things I focused on was if I make a mistake, I don't”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“I think I'm going to go back to tennis after losing some weight. Well, I can. Extend the offer to help if you like. Spend so That world, but tennis, why does tennis appeal to you, or what have you learned? Observed in the game of tennis. Apply Lots of things, but the first word that comes to mind is how to compete competition and what it takes to win. I like to win more competitive. I played competitive in tournament tennis. This was a long time ago before I never turned. In fact, I preserved my amateur status. Twice I won a hundred dollar prize and I turned it down to preserve amateur. To preserve my amateur status Effectively did it. Another way to preserve your amateur status is to lose. So I got to the finals of the New England B championship and lost in the finals. And I got to the...”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Think about tennis. I don't play much of it anymore. I intend to get back, but I have to lose 50 pounds by playing weight was 50 pounds lighter than this. So I've been out there. I almost hurt myself. Last time I went out, one of my specialties in tennis is chasing the ball down on a clay court. And so I got up ahead of steam on one of these balls I got over my head and ran it down and returned it and then realized I was running at the fence at full speed, carrying an extra fifty pounds and bam right into it.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Writing a book about it? Is that just Internet mis I didn't write the book. But you considered it because I've learned so much and I.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Up as a towny on Long Island with the city people that just wasn't something that the townies did. Secretly pined after learning how to play tennis. It seems like the sport is at the end. Impact on your From”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Families that have been around for a long time. Does Austinite have that or not so much? You know, I don't know about it. I consider myself an Austinite because I live in Austin, but maybe I'm being presumptuous there. You've been here how long now? Seven years and a month. Seven years in a month. And I say that makes me a native, but then they look at you. I actually prefer to think of myself as a Texan. Technically, I don't live in the city of Austin, even though that's my mailing address. I overlook the city of Austin. So I think we'll come back to Austin given.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“One of those self descriptions. Have to wait Someone lives here They call themselves that. I think back to Long Island, we both have some history. Long Island, and where I grew up on Eastern Long Island. Were to call your”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“I don't know if I should call myself But I live in Austin. Nice of you to move here. It makes this interview so much more convenient.”
2018-02-14 · The Tim Ferriss Show · #297: Bob Metcalfe — The Man (and Lessons) Behind Ethernet, Metcalfe’s Law, and More · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT