YouSaid · the spoken record

Dee Hock

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43
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2018-10-16
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2018-10-16
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  1. After all, if you think you can't, why think? So we'll leave that there. I'm just going to repeat what I said earlier. I don't think I did a good job. There are so many ideas. And so I don't even know what to say about this book other than to fully understand it. If you want the full story, you're going to have to read it and probably reread it over and over again. And that's not to say I don't think the ideas I share with you just now are not valuable. I think they are. It's just, I've never come across this deep level of thinking that is contained in this book when it comes to organization and information and just.

    2018-10-16 · Founders · #42 One From Many: VISA and the Rise of Chaordic Organization · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  2. That it had accomplished, I do not believe that Visa is a model to emulate. This is such an important conclusion. It is no more than an archetype to study, learn from, and approve upon. That right there. I love that is why the ideas in these books are so important. It's not, listen Yeah, take the ideas, but don't just copy, don't emulate. Study it. Say saying it's an architect to study, learn from, and then improve upon. That's the entire point of collecting ideas. And finally, I just want to read one more part from the book. It comes at the very end. And it's a question that I think let's end on and I'll carry with us. And are you going to copy the mechanistic command and control organizations of the past? Are you going to innovate and create something new?

    2018-10-16 · Founders · #42 One From Many: VISA and the Rise of Chaordic Organization · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  3. You can't have the positives out the negatives and that it takes a lot to go through this. So this is his surprise. With that in mind, this is his surprising conclusion about his work. Judged by Orthodox methods of objective measurement, growth, size, profit, market share, and volume, FISA has been a phenomenal success. It would be a lie to deny a strong sense of privilege and pride in presiding at its birth and guiding it to maturity. So you're saying there's the positive, right? The positive side is like, I'm really proud. It was really hard and I'm really glad I did it. But other methods of evaluation transcend measurement and objectivity. By the standards of what Visa ought to be, there's that guiding principle of his again, it would be a lie to deny a sense of failure. In spite of my pride and all that visa demonstrated about the power of the Chaotic concept of organization and all the things

    2018-10-16 · Founders · #42 One From Many: VISA and the Rise of Chaordic Organization · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  4. Whether removing the prohibition of duality was a prudent act or a failure of courage and judgment, I shall never know. And I include that in there because, again, I think from the outside, it's like, oh, this guy spent his life. He created this huge successful company. He must be so happy. And you realize that a lot of the book is about struggles and discontent and regret and depression. And something you had to learn the hard way Even when we, and in his case, I don't even know if he really wanted it, but even when we get what we think we want, it may not actually, like we're very bad at predicting what's going to make us happy. And to continue this trend, I want to read to you his surprising conclusion about his work. And now this is right before

    2018-10-16 · Founders · #42 One From Many: VISA and the Rise of Chaordic Organization · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  5. After four years of extraordinary expense, effort, and trauma, I recommended to the board that we accept our destiny, withdraw our prohibition on duality, and turn our attention to everything we could to enhance bank to bank competition and minimize erosion of competition between the systems. What I told the hanging jury at the Department of Justice proved wrong. The banks didn't take two years to go dual. They did it in six months. Today there is no third, fourth, or fifth bank card system. Visa and Mastercard are swiftly emerging as dominant debit card systems. To this day, I often have regret I did not screw my courage to the sticking point and fight on. Go down then and there, unbowed and unrepentant. To this day I wonder if the implied death threats affected my courage and judgment.

    2018-10-16 · Founders · #42 One From Many: VISA and the Rise of Chaordic Organization · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  6. We have a decent chance to roll back duality if we're successful, we'll see the emerg this is still detoxing. We'll see the emergence of a third and fourth, perhaps fifth and sixth bank card system for no bank in a given market will then want to issue the same products as a direct competitor because they would just be a commodity at that point. There will be real economic benefit for each bank in a given market to belong to and help develop a separate system. So again, he's fighting against his own If he was just after profit he's fighting against his own needs, but he clearly thinks that more competition in the system is going to be better for the customer. If we do not prevent duality now, there will never be more than two bank card systems. Pressure to diminish their competitive figure, perhaps even to merger the two will never end. The precedent will roll over into debit cards and other payment systems. It's not a matter of proof. It's a matter of common sense.

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  7. By just realizing that the loss of a parent Is in the Grand Scheme of Things, like it's the way of the world. I obviously didn't want her to pass away younger, but... But stepping outside of myself and realizing that people throughout history have to go through these things and that It's outside of our control. So, this whole idea of that sense in the grand picture of things, my trials and tribulations were of no consequence. I wouldn't use the word no consequence, but it's just. It's realizing that You're not the only one going through these things, I think, is where I would put it. So D, so now we're going to get to D understands that if you're an owner member of MBI and Master Charge, and these are the two largest

    2018-10-16 · Founders · #42 One From Many: VISA and the Rise of Chaordic Organization · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  8. Deep in the woods. There I would climb for hours, licking my wounds in a A sense that in the great picture of things my trials and tribulations were of no consequence would slowly seep into my bones and allow me to face the next week. I use this as this tool myself to try to deal with stress and anxiety in my own life where it says a sense that in the great picture of things my trials and tribulations were of no consequence would slowly seep into my bones and allow me to face the next week. This is something I've talked about is a few years ago my mom was diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer by the time she got it checked out it was already It was already too late. It was stage four. And she died young. So obviously, that's going to be a difficult thing to deal with. And one way I dealt with it was.

    2018-10-16 · Founders · #42 One From Many: VISA and the Rise of Chaordic Organization · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  9. So, before I tell you the result, because remember, he fails at this. We know that now because we're living with the results in modern day. But during this time, he's getting death threats unbelievably stressed because he feels he's doing this because he feels it's right. But if you're an owner member and like you want monopoly profits, right? If all you care about is making money. So this is how he dealt with stress before I wrap up on how he winds up failing at the rejection of duality and it has to do with like a fight with the Justice Department of Justice. So during dark times Long walks in the woods have always sustained me. This time I broke the law to do it. The closest open space was the San Francisco watershed. Miles of forested hills bordering Crystal Springs Reservoir near where we lived. It was posted everywhere with no trespassing signs. I would walk along the board and road until there was no sign visible in either direction, pretend they did not exist, excuse myself on the basis of dire need, slip through the fence, and lose myself.

    2018-10-16 · Founders · #42 One From Many: VISA and the Rise of Chaordic Organization · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  10. Competing card issuers within each system. I was deeply convinced that there could and should be many card systems within the Consumer Banking Industry. Remember, that's what he's doing. He wants more competition. He wants less profit. And because he thinks this is the right thing to do. And that there were ample opportunity for others to emerge in the retail, travel, and communications industries. I was equally convinced that complete freedom of banks to become owner slash members of both the master charge and Bank of America card systems would foreclose the emergence of new systems and severely limit consumer choice. of competitive vigor between the two. Eventual dominance of one or the other and merger of the two In substance, if not form.

    2018-10-16 · Founders · #42 One From Many: VISA and the Rise of Chaordic Organization · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  11. No money to hire consultants, advisors, or other experts, no money to engage in research or hire employees. We had no power to influence regulators, legislators, or others in political power. Traditional means of approaching the problems were close to us, but we were enamored by the emerging concepts for there seemed to be no better alternative. I was more than enamoured. As one of the participants put it twelve years later in a Harvard case study, he had a passionate commitment to the ideas that bordered on zealotry. Only in hindsight does it become clear as the dawn that the need to rely entirely on the power of purpose, principles, and people was what brought Visa into being. It was no stroke of genius. It was plain old necessity. This is such an important point he's making here. Had we power, capital position,

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  12. Okay, so I'm skipping ahead. This is what brought Visa into being. So at the time he's working, he's a vice president for a tiny bank in the Pacific Northwest. All banks everywhere are having the same problems. They're losing tons of money. Bank of America's largest bank at the time owns the system. So he approaches them with saying, hey, I think I can solve this problem discussion. It says, they were accepted in part because no one self-included thought it was likely that such an organization could be brought into being. We could not change the banking laws of a single state, let alone laws of nations. We could not change the structure or management of a single bank, let alone thousands in the United States and tens of thousands throughout the world. We had no money with which to purchase a system from the Bank of America.

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  13. Talking about creating visa. Did I think it could be done? No. It was impossible. Did I think the Bank of America would give up ownership of the program? No. Did I think banks worldwide could be brought together in such an effort? No. Did I think laws would allow it? No. Did I think anyone would seriously listen to such notions or allow them the light of day even if they did? No. But I did believe it was what did I believe But did I believe it was what ought to be? Ah, that was another question indeed. Powerful enough to draw me on. So in his book of Aphorisms he talks about the combination of thinking about things on how they ought to be. And the dutiful effort, just focusing on that and then working at it a little bit every day. And over a long enough period of time is how you make progress.

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  14. Okay, so this is the paragraph that I referenced earlier. It says my takeaway from this is you should focus on how your product or company ought to be and nothing else. And this is how crazy I can't even get over how he's able to do this. He said,

    2018-10-16 · Founders · #42 One From Many: VISA and the Rise of Chaordic Organization · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  15. I love that. And so we're going to see when he designs visa, he designs it as it ought to be. And in one paragraph, in a few pages from here, I think, he describes all of the barriers that were in his way in one paragraph. And what I love is he didn't focus on the problems or the things he had to overcome. He just focused on how should it ought to be? What should it be like? What's the ideal situation here? And then kept that in mind and worked towards it.

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  16. This is something I'm personally very interested in. The idea that especially because of the internet, we really do need to rethink the idea of how we organize and work. And it doesn't make sense to apply things that are a couple centuries old to the environment that we live in. And I feel that Valve has put, if you read their handbook, they've clearly put a lot of thought into this. And not only they put a lot of thought of it, but like the results speak for themselves. They're creating an organization and organizing work and the results are, hey, they make more money per employee with less people than anybody else does. And I love that level of efficiency. So I just wanted to share that. If you haven't read Valve's handbook, I would recommend doing that. It's not going to be a waste of your time. So a few pages later.

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  17. By inclusion of their secretary and who would be insulted by exclusion, he organized a move to new quarters and induced months of brick bickering over allocation of space, layouts, furnishing, and windows. So what he's doing here is just revealing what I suspect from, even though I've never worked for a large company, I have friends and people close to that do. And I suspect the vast majority of what they're doing is what I call fake work. And it's this stuff that he's describing here. Instead of just doing exactly what D could have done, okay, I'm going to, you want clear signs to figure out where your executive office is? Okay, that could take less than 30 minutes of my time. This goes on for months. And then now you see that this Dick Simmons, who's clearly intelligent, is just, he's poking, these people don't even realize he's poking fun at them. Oh, who's like they're arguing over stuff like who should be identified as executive?

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  18. He did. He obtained diverse sketches, samples, and prices from suppliers, exposing them to officers in idle moments to elicit conflicting opinions and avoid decision. Do you see what he's doing here? Fascinated, I watched as he manipulated situation after situation. He suggested a story for the company magazine about executive secretaries causing a muddle of childish maneuvers by middle managers over who would be identified as an executive.

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  19. So, this is the lesson. He says, What you don't understand is that in companies like this, procedure is more important than purpose and method more important than results. He carefully went over a list of officers deciding on those who would be most likely to have an opinion on signs and how to make an innocuous approach. During the weeks to follow, I received a fascinating education about both human nature and the nature of organizations. Bored to death in disillusion with the company, one of the most intelligent people I had ever met casually extracted opinions about quote unquote the sign problem from various officers. So he's getting his opinions from various officers, each opinion different. I listened as he told Brown, this is a guy that gave him the job, about the sign problem and aroused concern that no one upstairs be offended by what

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  20. To turn it against itself. And you'll see what I mean here. It says, now this is D. Hawk talking about Dick Simmons. He was extremely literate, exceptional intelligence and perception lay behind the literacy and more than a little cynicism. He detested his job. We swiftly became friends. So Diximons and D-Start working together several weeks later, one of their bosses comes by and he's talking to D and he says, visitors, he told me solemnly, were occasionally confused about the location of the senior executive's offices. I was to attend to the matter and keep him informed. So he says, okay, solve this problem. And now Dick Simmons is asking. He says, how do you intend to handle it? He asked.

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  21. It's here he meets somebody that's like minded. And this is a guy's named Dick Simmons, who, so there's two options, I guess. If you're confronted with a mechanistic industrial age organization. So in Dhawk, he rebels. He gets fired constantly even when he has good numbers. He doesn't conform. Dick Simmons does the opposite. He realizes how ridiculous these mechanistic industrial age organizations are. He uses his intelligence to

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  22. I tend to agree with a lot of these concepts. It was too much for a lamb already dreaming of greener pastures. He transferred to another division and slipped away to open a new office in a small, remote Oregon town, hoping that the pressure to conform was an aberration of former division management, not the true nature of the company. There the pattern repeated itself, using the same iconoclastic concepts and ideas, the new office was in the black by the third month. With business and profit increasing rapidly, it soon attracted the iron fist of corporate power and the itchy fingers of centralized bureaucracy. Confrontation with superiors grew frequent and intense.

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  23. He's telling it. He's almost, it's almost like he's writing poetry instead of telling his life story. He's just got a very poetic way of writing, I guess is what I'm trying to get to. So it says. So, Orthodoxy began pounding for conformity. Again, you can already tell, he's anti-conformist. How much better the lambs could do if they conform to central mandates? Even if they could be trusted with freedom to use their ingenuity, others could not. Exceptions could not be made without risking anarchy. So he's feeling that he's going to be punished for his success. And then on the next page, what we're going to get into over the next few pages is he's learning how, and he uses this term constantly, how mechanistic industrial age organizations really function. And so one of his main themes is that, hey, we need to rethink the way we organize people. You're using things that are centuries old that don't make any sense. And that, in his opinion, are just like an aberration of, should be an aberration of just history. It should be gone because it's not organized as things were before and it won't be in the future.

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  24. Okay, so let's go. He starts working in the consumer finance industry where he spends most of his career, all of his career. In the summer of 1951, the Lamb fell into a job at a small, floundering branch office of a consumer finance company. Within months, the manager departed and his lot fell to the lamb. Protected by remoteness anonymity and insignificance, four lambs, whose average age was twenty, trashed the company manual, ignored commandments, and did things as common sense conditions and ingenuity combined to suggest. Within two years, business tripled and the office was leading the company in growth, profit, and quality of business. Anonymity was gone, and the blind fists of corporate power and orthodoxy began pounding for conformity. You see what I mean about

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  25. Swift to pounce. So he'll refer to him throughout himself as a lamb. And what's interesting to me, so he's trying to tell his life story and all the events that led up to the formation of Visa. But as he does that, he has these like. He breaks the flow of the book, and he has this thing called the old monkey mind. And the book will be going along, and then all of a sudden it'll be like an insert, and it'll have this monkey and a bar separating this part of text from the main story. And as far as I can tell, the old monkey mind and eye is just the result of his deep thoughts. And so he'll be describing something that happens and then going into like usually for a few pages harping on just one idea in what's going on in his life.

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  26. At the same time, increasing conflict with the college and other organizations inflamed a growing preoccupation with the paradoxes inherent in institutions and the people who hold power within them. So he got the first introduction when he had to go to school and church at six years old of institutions. And now at almost 20 years old, that thought is still with him. only grows more and more as we'll see as the book unfolds and so it says He gets married and says thus at 20 newly married, unemployed, eager to learn, but averse to being taught emerged and absurdly naive, idealistic young man. And now he's going to use, he uses the use of, I don't know if it's the use of euphemisms or metaphor, but it says an innocent lamb hunting the lion of life. The hungry lion was

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  27. Hotter chain dipping dipper under the 100 degree sun, orchid spray truck operator, Hod Carrier, laborer in the Ofal department of a slaughterhouse, none of it seemed demeaning. It was life, it was making a living. It was what proud men did without whining. So something that he talks about constantly in autobiography or restless mind is the uselessness of whining. So I'm going to go skip ahead just this paragraph. Now he's in college. At college, another dean put me in the way of the classics and some understanding of both the powers.

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  28. And in beautiful language, he talks about, sums up his young childhood turning into teenage years. The years passed, alternating between the magnificent mysteries of nature, the imaginative joy of books, the dull reality of institutions and work, work, work. So that's going to lead us into some of his first jobs. And he gets his first job at 10. So he says at 10 years old, I was hand harvesting fruit and vegetables at a penny the pound. At 12, I was thinning sugar beets at $20 the acre. That was followed by a first salary job at a farm, laboring on a farm for 20 cents the hour. I had a job dumping slop in a canning factory. Summer and after school jobs came one after the other. Mucker at a dairy,

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  29. And this lifelong distaste for institutions and organization obviously heavily influences the choices he makes when he starts visa. He's still talking about this as a child, though. And he comes to the realization that nothing in nature feels like church or school. There's no blackbird principle pecking away at the rest of the flock. There's no super frog telling the others how to croak. There's no teacher tree lining up the saplings and telling them how to grow. Something's crazy. Is it me? I can't begin to think about it in a coherent way, let alone understand the resentment, confusion, and doubt. But the sense that something has gone awry is powerful.

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  30. And then some just random thoughts that he's having when he's really young. He says, I live largely in a private world of nature, ideas, and imagination. Nothing in my first six years prepared me for the shock of institutions. With school and church came crushing confinement and unrelenting boredom. It was as though everyone began to shed wholeness and humanity at the doors of institution. Adults suddenly turned into a mob to confront one. All right, kid, you've had the joy of life for six years. That's enough. Grow up. Learn what life is all about.

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  31. Night after night, and now skipping ahead, talks about, you know, these are, it's really, I think, inspiring for us. It's inspiring for me and hope it is for you to learn. He started out very humbly. He's talking about going to the bathroom in the outhouse, having parents who could only have an eighth grade education. Then they were forced to work to support themselves. And so this is night after night, my mother pulls me from the pages of a book, opens the oven door, removes a round 15-pound rock, wraps it in flannel, carries it to my bed, and slips it in between the sheets. Nothing finer, of course, than an icy room and cold feet on a hot rock, for a kid anxious to again disappear in the pages of his book.

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  32. Literature, nature, and a lovely girl with beautiful brown eyes. They would have everything to do with the unorthodox ideas that led to the creation of Visa, although I could not know so at the time. When and how I learned to read is lost to memory. Ours was not a bookish family. My parents considered themselves lucky to have graduated eighth grade before pride and necessity drove them to earn their own living. Where the books came from I have no idea, probably from people who knew the little hawk boy or the hawk boy's a little strange. He'll read anything.

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  33. You should live your life always doing the best possible job you can do. And if you do that, if you're always doing the best of your abilities, then life will take care of itself as opposed to, hey, I have this desire that's sometime in the future that if I don't reach that, it ruins the present. And so this nothing finer is just a different way of saying that, listen, you at least, yeah, you have to run through the snow to go to the bathroom, but how can you take a situation that may be unpleasant and learn something from it? So he distilled that lesson to, okay, attend your business and don't waste time. And if you think about it, he's a little kid. He can't choose where he's going to go to the bathroom. So all you can do is he can choose how you react to it. All right, so we're going to learn more about his early life. It says it was there in that tiny cottage in the small farming community at the edge of the Rocky Mountains that the three great loves of my life arrived.

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  34. And I want to point out this idea of nothing finer. His mom constantly would talk about that, nothing finer, nothing finer. And to me, the lesson he takes away from that is that Your current conditions are good enough. And what I mean by that is when you read, if you happen to read his second book, The Autobiography of Restless Mind, he's writing that book when he's in his 60s. And it's just a book of aphorisms. And a lot of that is talking about the key to happiness is to limit your desire. And for type A goal-oriented people, like I'm sure a lot of people listen to the podcast, I'm obviously one of those people as well. That's hard to get your mind around. So I just finished the audiobook of a book that's been recommended by a lot of smart people, so I finally had to give it a chance. It's the guide to the good life, the ancient art of Stoic Joy. And I couldn't understand this concept until it was explained in that book that, hey,

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  35. So it says, outside icles hang from eaves to snow covered ground. I often weigh an extended bladder and cramping bowel against a fifty yard dash between three foot snowbanks to the icy outhouse, so there's no indoor plumbing. He was born right at the beginning of the depression in 1929. This is an important lesson, though, that his mother teaches him. So it says nothing finer in quotations, according to my mother. This is a lesson she's talking about that teaches one to attend to business and not dawdle. So when I came across that word, I wanted to make sure I understood it. So I looked up the definition. It says to waste time and to be slow. So from a very young age, he learned that lesson from his mom. And as the book unfolds, you'll see he definitely didn't like to waste time.

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  36. So again, why can't the institutions created by man, why don't they reflect that? Instead, he sees the way we organize today as some kind of weird man-made... poor imitation of the way that different creatures and different organisms have worked jointly together for thousands if not millions of years so I want to start jumping into his early life and here's just some some highlights and some stuff that stuck out to me with what he was going through So Let's start here so you have a good idea of his conditions of his early life. He was rather poor.

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  37. And so now he comes up with this idea. He's reading this book called Complexity. He comes up with the idea of chaotic. And I love what he says here. He says, I return to bed to finish the final chapters. My last thought before switching off the light is noted in the margin. Now this is direct quote from him. The hubris of science is astonishing. It will come as quite a surprise to countless poets, philosophers, theologians, humanists, and mystics who have thought deeply about such things for thousands of years. That complexity, diversity, interconnectedness, and self organization are either new or a science. What he's saying is that this is not a scientific result of scientific discovery. What he's describing there is exactly what nature organizes itself. It's complex, it's diverse, it's interconnected, and it's self-organized.

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  38. Going back to what the book is about, it's a story of a lifelong search for the answer to those questions which had everything to do with the formation of Visa. It's a story of harboring four beasts that inevitably devour their keeper. Now he's going to reference the quote I started the podcast with. Ego, envy, avarice, and ambition. entirely sure I'm pronouncing that third word correctly. And of a great bargain, trading ego for humility, envy for equanimity, avarice for time, and ambition for liberty. It's a story of events impossible to foresee that sent a man of seventy on a journey more improbable than Visa, and infinitely more important. What he's talking about there, that journey is he starts to spread after nearly a decade in isolation, he starts to give speeches about this idea of chaotic.

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  39. Start an organization like Visa. And it says here's the first one Why are institutions everywhere, whether political, commercial, or social, increasingly unable to manage their affairs? 2. Why are individuals everywhere increasingly in conflict with an alienated from the institutions of which they are part? And three, why are society in the biosphere increasingly in disarray?

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  40. But this book is much more than the story of the scarcely believable events that brought Visa into being and led to its extraordinary success. It is also the story of an introverted, small town child passionate to read, dream and wander the woods. The youngest of six born to parents with but an eight grade education. It is a story of crushing confinement and interminable boredom in school and church, along with sharp, rising awareness of the chasm between how institutions profess to function and how they actually do. He references them constantly throughout the book, so they're important to understand what was his frame of mind or what was his motivation from like how do you even

    2018-10-16 · Founders · #42 One From Many: VISA and the Rise of Chaordic Organization · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source

  41. It was frightening, it was maddening. I felt a damn fool to even think about it. A rational, conservative 55-year-old businessman who'd never smoked a joint or dropped a drug listening to inner voices? Absurd. Throw away a lifetime of work, success, money, power, prestige, as though it had no value in the vague hope that life had more meaning? Madness. But the voice would not be silent. That is from the introduction of the book that I want to talk to you about today, which is one from many, Visa and the Rise of Chaotic Organization by Visa's founder Dawk. So before we jump into that, I want to tell you how I found this book.

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  42. That inner voice that will not be denied once we learn to listen to it had whispered since the beginning business, power and money are not where your life is about founding visa and being its chief executive officer is something you needed to do, but its only preparatory Each time I resisted. You're crazy. Preparatory for what and where and why there was no answer, only silence. In time the voice became incessant and demanding. This is not an end. Give it up in the business world as well. Completely, irrevocably, now in time you will understand.

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  43. It is 1993, nine years since I abruptly severed all connection with the business world for life on the land. It is still hard to believe after sixteen years of intense conflict with industrial age, command and control corporations, after thirty five years dreaming of new concepts of organization and experimenting with them, after two impossible years bringing one of those dreams into being, after fourteen grueling years leading it to maturity, after all that turning my back on Visa in nineteen eighty four and walking away at the pinnacle of success was the hardest thing I have ever done. The reason is still difficult to explain, but it is not complicated.

    2018-10-16 · Founders · #42 One From Many: VISA and the Rise of Chaordic Organization · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source