YouSaid · the spoken record

Greg Walton

lines on the record: 61
first: 2019-08-20
most recent: 2019-08-20
sittings or episodes: 1
sources: podcast

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“Benefit from the treatment as opposed to a different kind. I think that's the sort of useful way to think about this all of this is sort of under construction and it always will be in a kind of state of construction. And the new questions emerge, especially around boundary conditions and as well as around sort of the processes of improvement.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“I think that everything is in a state of construction. The states of that construction vary across different problem spaces and different interventions. There's always going to be questions about the circumstances in which different kinds of interventions will be effective and will not be effective. We talked for a bit about how, for example, growth mindset interventions seem to be more likely to produce gains in conducive peer environments as compared to non-conducive pure environments. I think what's really important to understand is essentially heterogeneity and generalizability, that is what are the boundary conditions? Where does an intervention with what kinds of populations and what kinds of context does an intervention tend to replicate and tend to where does it tend not to produce benefits? In what kinds of contexts can we then therefore generalize those intervention effects and understand that that kind of world, that population in that context would”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“I think it's especially vivid in a relationship, a close relationship context, because close relationships are like nothing more, essentially, than my perception of you and my beliefs about you and how I behave towards you than your perception of and beliefs about that. And you give that back to me. And we're just in this cycle going forward. And we can get caught in bad cycles that produce things like declines in marital quality or that produce exacerbating conflicts between teachers and students. And one of the things that interventions do is that they can help people get out of those cycles and then produce the kind of better outcomes for both parties.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“So, the headline, the kind of joke headline is 21 minutes to save a marriage because people did this exercise three times, seven minutes each at month 12, month 16, and month 20. But the important thing is what it did is it gave people space to step back and ask themselves, yeah, like what would a neutral third party view be? Like what might be the barriers to taking that? How could I take that perspective? And their spouse is doing that too. And then the next time the conflict arises, like maybe one of the members of the couple is always late and that that's a source of conflict. The next time the conflict arises, that's now a representation in each person's mind about how to think about how to handle how to respond to that situation.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“The long term decline stopped. It didn't necessarily get better, but the long term decline stopped. And as I said, these are not marriages in marital therapy or marriages that are sort of necessarily going towards divorce. These are just typical mar”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Questions. Each time took about seven minutes, is that cut off that downward trend? It stabilized the quality of people's marriages.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“You know well your spouse's perspective in a conflict, and you think it's not rational. But instead people are asked independently to think of what a neutral third party who wants the best for all, not their perspective, not their partner's perspective, but somebody who's neutral and wants the best for all. How might they see this? And what that study showed was that there was an overall slow decline over time in marital quality. People, as time went by, felt less close, less intimate, less passionate, less satisfied in their marriages. And as I understand it, that's a common finding in longitudinal studies of marriage. And what the intervention did introduced at the 12-month mark after having a year of these surveys, it was introduced at 12 months, at 16 months, and at 20 months three times people completed those.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Before the next stage of the study began, there was a randomized intervention that was introduced. And what this was was that after having described their most significant conflict that existed within their marriage, each member of the couple was asked a series of questions. They were asked, how would a neutral third party who wants the best for all view this conflict? Then they were asked what barriers would prevent you or make it difficult for you to take this perspective in a conflict situation with your spouse? And then the third question was how could you overcome those barriers to take that neutral third party perspective? And I think that one of the things that is so important about these questions is that people are not being asked to take their spouse's perspective.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“There's a lot of things that you could say about that in general terms. Of course, there's kind of the wise wisdom of spending time together and trying new things together and growing together, communicating. But I want to talk about something very specific, which is a line of research led by Eli Finkel at Northwestern University, which is a study of married couples in the Chicago land area. And these were not couples who were in any kind of marital distress. They were just normal kind of middle-aged married couples. And they were involved in a several year longitudinal study in which every few months they reported on their feelings in their marriage, the passion and intimacy and closeness that they felt in the marriage. And they also described the kinds of conflicts that they experienced in the marriage and how they thought about those. They did this for a year. And then at the end of that year,”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah, there's a fabulous musical group called Gemini Brothers, a local group in Michigan. They have a song called Oops, and the song begins with singing in the persona of a child who has dropped the ball and spilled the salad dressing all over his sister. And then the father comes up to console the kid and tell the kid that everybody makes mistakes and then slips on the carpet as he's putting the child to bed and spills coffee all over himself. And then the mother comes in and says, what's happening here? And then they all laugh together. It just kind of captures that.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah, I think one of the best things my mother did, who's, I think, a wonderful parent, is she was very, very good at apologizing for mistakes that she might have made real or imagined in her mind.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“I think that it's also just important to have empathy for yourself as a parent. The standard of parenting is not going to be perfection. The standard of parenting is going to be a commitment to a process that when you make mistakes, you tell your child, you made a mistake. And you commit to a process of trying to be the best kind of parent you can be. It's not about, you know, you're not going to be perfect. And I think that that's really important for the child. The child's goal is not to be perfect either, that you don't want a child who always gets everything right. It's not a realistic goal. The goal is to have sustained commitment to and work towards goals of growth and learning and improvement that you value”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Think that parents also do a lot of work as their children are undertaking tasks to shape their children's understanding of those experiences. So we have two kids who are six and four. And when the kids are bicycling and they say that they're tired, we always say to them, it's when you're tired that your muscles are getting stronger. The idea is to reframe for them what it means to be tired. It's not necessarily a reason to stop. But this is your opportunity to have that growth experience. It's when things are difficult that you are learning.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah, so I mean, Kyla has some beautiful stories from parents who she asks just this question to imagine your child comes home with, say, a poor grade on a math test. What would you say? How would you respond? And I remember one parent said something like, oh, I would say I'm so sorry you had this experience, but let's sit down together and see what you got wrong and how we can learn from it. Maybe we can have an ice cream as we do it to engage the child in the learning process through the mistake, rather than to say things like, for example, I would worry that my child might not be good at math.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Why was that? And Kyla found that parents have a simpler belief system, which is only weakly correlated with their growth mindset beliefs, but importantly is really visible to kids. And that's their beliefs about mistakes. So parents can believe that mistakes are good and helpful and positive and productive for growth and learning, or they can think that they're bad. And if you as a parent have the Even implicitly, that mistakes are kind of bad, then that is your reaction to your child's mistakes, even if you believe in a growth mindset, can be interpreted by the child as evidence that you believe a fixed mindset, that a fixed mindset might be true, and that the kid then takes as reasons to have a fixed mindset.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Second kind of thing is to think about everyday practices, everyday interactions and everyday practices and what those are conveying even inadvertently to kids. So a fabulous line of work by Kyla Hemovitz, who is a former graduate student here at Stanford, is now a postdoc at Penn, shows that kids tend to draw strong inferences from their parents' reactions to mistakes. So Kyla's work began with a very curious observation, which was that the correlation between kids' beliefs about the malleability of intelligence and their parents' beliefs about malleability of intelligence was not strong. It was weak. So you have parents who believe in a growth mindset or who believe in a fixed mindset, and their kids' beliefs don't really correspond to their parents' beliefs.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Like I think that you can ask a child, how would they explain this to somebody younger than you? How would you explain this to your little brother?”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“So there's a couple things you could think about. So, one thing you could think about is to talk about the idea of a growth mindset and how that can be true and ask the child to articulate that for themselves or describe that for themselves, to draw it or write it.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah One important thing is to understand that when we do interventions, we do them with people not to people. And so you want to do things that help the people you're working with come to really understand and own in a real way, to own the idea that will be adaptive for them”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah, that's very consistent with how we think about some of these interventions. It's almost like the intervention gives you a new hypothesis to test. And then you test that within the world that you're in. If that test seems to succeed, you become more committed to that view. So in interventions on social belonging, everybody worries at first about whether they belong and it gets better with time. And I think that you give people that idea, people who are otherwise wondering whether I or people like me can belong here. You give people that idea. And then they kind of test it out and interactions with their peers or with their instructors. And if the environment seems to confirm it, then the intervention can live and set in motion a cycle of growth.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“It's changing your perception of the group norm, right? So you go into the setting thinking people like me don't do this. And then you have the conversation. You see the other members of your small group discussion who are members of your sort of peer group raising their hands committing to serving these cheap meats. And at that point, your perception of the norm of your group has shifted. No longer is your group just opposed to serving these meats.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Hand, raise their hands, and then you raise your own hand. You are yourself committing to this action, to serving the needs. But even more important thing, I think, is that from a kind of social group perspective, you're looking around at your peers, other women like you in your community, your social class background, and you're seeing all these other women raise their hands and your perception then that people like me don't do this, that gets directly challenged at that point. You think now actually people like me may do this.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And the second condition, he brought women together in small group discussions. And there is a facilitator who led the small group in thinking about how these meats could be served to identify barriers to serve them in your family, to think about how those barriers could be overcome. Very importantly, at the end of the conversation, which was a participatory conversation, again, it was not a lecture. Women are sharing ideas and sharing challenges and ways to overcome those challenges. At the end, he asks or the facilitator asks the women who will serve these foods to your family in the next few weeks. And if you will, please show by raise of hand. And that's really powerful. People start to put their hands up. It's really powerful because first from a self perspective, if you're looking around and you're seeing other people raise your hand,”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Well, the actual way that Lewin got there was a little bit different. What he did was he compared two different groups. One group got a lecture appeal, which they were told all the reasons why they should serve these foods. And the participants here are housewives, importantly. So these are the people who are in Lewin's analysis bringing food into the household and preparing it. So one group of people got this lecture appeal. And in that condition, almost no women served these organ meats to their families.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“People didn't need more reasons. They didn't need more recipes. They didn't need to be told about the importance for the war effort. They didn't need to be told about the healthiness or the tastiness even, really. They needed to have that sense that people like me don't do this removed. And once that was done, people were able to eat those meats.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah, that's right. That's a really big and important lesson is that often psychological processes act as barriers. And when we do a barrier analysis, when we ask what gets in the way of better outcomes, it leads us to these kinds of solutions. That's an old, old idea goes back 75 years within social psychology. There was a personal hero of mine, Kurt Lewin or Kurt Levine, one of the founders of social psychology, did important work in the World War II. And what Lewin understood is he pursued research on this problem was that it was that perception that people like me don't serve this, that was really the barrier, an important barrier to people doing it.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“To understand is the perspective of the person who's critically acting in a circumstance, who's trying to perform well on a test, or who is working with a baby trying to help that baby and is with that baby 24 hours a day, and who themselves is in a difficult circumstance. And when we can understand that perspective and understand the concerns that that person has and help them put those aside, then we can make real progress on problems.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“That can be so important. It might not seem big from a different point of view. It might not seem big from our point of view here or from a third party point of view, but for a person in that circumstance, it's almost there's nothing bigger. So if you are an African-American student coming in to take a test, it's said to be evaluative of your abilities, the possibility that that reflects or could lead to a negative stereotypical judgment of you and people like you is really threatening. And having that off the table is a really big deal. If you are worried that you're a bad mother with your baby or that your baby is a bad baby, a way to think about that that takes that off the table that makes you not a bad mother, makes your baby not a bad baby. There's nothing bigger from that perspective. And that's the perspective that we really...”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“I think that one thing that's true of psychologically wise interventions is that when we think about big problems that society faces, when we think about problems like child abuse or problems like poor achievement in school or problems like failing marriages, we often have the intuition that we need kind of commensurately big solutions to these big problems. That is, if we're having a big problem, we need to invest a lot of time and we need to invest a lot of money and we need a big program and we need a big to-do to make effective progress on those problems. And one of the lessons from my own experience early on learning about stereotype threat is that that's not always true. It wasn't a big to-do that was needed to help African American students do better on that test in the laboratory. It was a representation of the test that took negative stereotypes off the table. And the reason why that's so”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“To try that? How did it go? And what she found, what Bukenthal found was that this exercise dramatically reduced the rates of what she called harsh parenting, like things like spanking and other kinds of physical acts that you could think of as a child sort of maltreatment within the first year of life dramatically reduced that rate. The state visits without this psychologically wise approach didn't have any effect at all. But this psychologically wise approach of asking mothers why they're having the problems they're having and keep asking that question. Could it be something else until the mothers came up with a non-projorative reason that dramatically reduced the rates of abuse? It also improved the children's health, their physical health. It reduced mothers' rates of depression. And there were a number of important downstream consequences as well.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“That maybe she's a bad mother, or maybe the baby's a bad baby. So she then would just try to surface this. The social workers were trained to ask mothers explicitly, you know, why are you having these challenges? The mothers would often give reasons that seem to imply this kind of self-blaming or this child blaming thinking. And the social workers never, they never directly contradicted that. Instead, they just kept asking, could it be something else? Could it be something else? Until the mother came up with their own kind of pragmatic way of thinking about the problem. So the mother might say, for example, oh, like maybe I should try a new swaddle to help the baby sleep, or maybe I should try a new nipple on the bottle to help the baby take a bottle. And then they would come back a little later, a few weeks later, and they would say, oh, so last time you said this and you said you would try this.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“About parenting, budgeting, kinds of nuts and bolts things. Then the third condition she just appended to that second condition. So again, they got these state visits, but the social workers who were doing the visits were trained. And what they did was to ask these mothers about the most difficult challenges that they had with their babies. These are newborn babies, or in the first year of life, so they're infants. And the social workers were to ask, mothers, what's the most difficult problem you have with your baby? And the mothers would say something like, oh, I can't get my baby to stop crying. I can't get my baby to stay asleep. I can't get my baby to take a bottle, you know, the kinds of problems that you have with an infant. What Daphne Bugenthal had theorized was that there's a risk for a new mother in this circumstance of feeling like those problems might mean”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Me give you an example of one that I think is particularly helpful for illustrating a number of important points. So this was work that Daphne Bugenthal, who was a psychologist at Santa Barbara, did. She's retired now. And she was interested in the problem of child abuse and how could we prevent child abuse? And what she did was she worked with a group of low income mostly single moms with Tina, many of whom themselves had been had experienced abuse themselves and so were sort of demographically at risk for abusing their new children. And she assigned these mothers to three conditions. There was a control condition where nothing in particular happened. The second condition was a state program that was visiting these mothers and giving them”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah, so in the empathic discipline intervention, teachers get a bunch of content. They hear stories from students who've misbehaved in class and the thanks that they feel to their teachers when they respond to them in an empathic way. They hear stories from teachers about their use of this empathic approach. read articles about how to think about kids who are misbehaving in ways that sustain relationships. It's not just a simply open-ended exercise. They're instead given a bunch of content and then they reflect on that content and articulate how they themselves use that approach to kids who are misbehaving. So whereas the open, the active reflection exercises, people don't get any content at all. The exercise just structures how they think about something that's important in their life.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“People open ended writing experiences where they can reflect on the most difficult or traumatic experience that they've had in their lives, they can start to describe that experience and in writing about it, they write it often with a kind of beginning, middle, and end. Creating a sense of closure that helps again to improve people's functioning and improves their health. So there's a variety of open-ended writing techniques, open-ended reflection exercises and often writing techniques that help people think through aspects of their life in ways that are supportive of their functioning.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah, so other interventions don't necessarily give people information. They instead just structure reflection exercises in open-ended ways, but in ways that are designed to help support people's functioning. So for example, the world of positive psychology has shown that a reliable way to increase people's well-being and their happiness is to reflect on the gratitude that you field others. And so writing gratitude notes, even notes that you don't send that articulate the thanks that you have to the people who've made a difference in your life in an open-ended way can improve well-being. Other work by Jamie Pennebaker has shown that traumas can linger in your mind and they can be, they can distract you and undermine your experience. And so if you give”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Both of those representations in our head and what the empathic discipline intervention did, what articulating to future teachers, how you yourself as an experienced teacher take an empathic approach to your students, it just helped elevate that more empathic idea. It didn't introduce it. It wasn't new. There's no rocket science here. There was no new skill that the teachers needed, but it helped elevate that. It helped increase their commitment to that as compared to a more punitive approach.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah, that's right. And I think it's a really useful property of the term mindset that in many cases we have multiple conflicting mindsets about the very same thing. We both believe A and we believe not A in some sense. And in teaching, I think and in parenting, by the way, with disciplining your own children, I think that we can both have the belief My job here is to maintain this positive relationship, to understand this child, especially when they have difficulties, and to help them improve as they try to grow up and develop and learn from their mistakes. And we also have a kind of punitive mindset that comes about from behaviorist psychology or a perversion of behaviorist psychology where we think rewards and punishments are what drives behavior and kids, if kids misbehave, we need to punish them so that they learn from their failures. And we have both of those ideas.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah, sometimes we persuade ourselves most when we try to persuade other people. Here, the teachers became particularly committed to this empathic approach to discipline that would be better for cutting off negative patterns of interaction with students when they were able to articulate that for other teachers, younger teachers, teachers in training.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Behaving kids in class. And that exercise reduced the suspension rate among students whose teachers got that message by 50% over the school year. So here the teachers believe themselves to be creating an intervention for future teachers and training when they themselves really benefited from that experience, from reflecting on how they did or wanted to take this empathic approach to discipline with their students, their own students benefited.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And so that's been used in many of the most powerful interventions. For example, work by Jason Akanafua examined what teachers think about how to interact with kids who are misbehaving in school. And what Jason did was he gave teachers, these are experienced teachers, he gave teachers stories about teachers who listened, who took us a kind of empathic approach to their students who were misbehaving. Instead of just punishing a student, they took time to listen to the student, to understand the perspective that the student had on whatever the incident was, they prioritized maintaining a positive relationship with the student rather than just dismissing the student. Then he asked these teachers, how do you do this in your classroom? And we want to learn from you as an experienced teacher because we want to give these stories to future teachers and teacher training programs so that they too can really understand how to interact with Ms.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“The third one is increasing commitment through action. And here the idea is that a long, long history of psychology going back through cognitive dissonance shows that people are really motivated to see their behaviors and attitudes as consistent. And so, for example, you get people to articulate and advocate for an idea, then they become more persuaded by that idea. This is sometimes called the same as believing procedure where you give people new information and then you ask them to describe that new information or those new facts to some third party, a group of people like them, but younger who need their help, perhaps. And when they do that, they come to be committed to those ideas more so than if you had just given them that information in the first place. So it's enlisting people as active co-creators of an intervention message for other people.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah, so I think often what psychological interventions do is they try to help people into more adaptive ways to look at themselves or look at other people or look at an object of judgment in the world. Here the idea was that it would be helpful for these people to understand the complement from their partner as reflecting this true regard that their partner has for them.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah, so there's a lot of different ways you can do prompting. I consider that a kind of leading question intervention. So people are asked a question that assumes an answer. In this case, the question was not critically, the question was not, does this complement reflect a general and global regard that your partner has for you? The question was, why does it?”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Reflects the regard that their partner sort of truly has for them. And the low self-esteem participants in her work were then able to articulate that they described the reasons why the compliment had this global meaning. It reflected the love of their partner. And then they benefited from it. What that intervention did is it didn't just label it. People weren't just told that their partner loved them. People with low self-esteem might have rejected that. Instead, it gave people an opportunity to write about how their partner's complement reflected the regard that they had for them. And they then took that as a basis for feeling more secure in the relationship.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Labeled, and then kids behaved in accordance with that label. They littered less even weeks later. Now, that's not how most interventions, especially with older populations or with people who are more sophisticated, don't just give people a label. They instead give people information upon which they can draw a new inference. They give people the new basis for interpreting something in the world. For example, the complement intervention work that I described earlier, what Denise Marigold did, she did an intervention to try to improve, increase the extent to which people with low self-esteem took compliments and the way that she did that is she asked people with low self-esteem not just to think about a compliment that their partner had given them, but then she asked them why that compliment has a global and enduring meaning, why it”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah, sure, of course. Yeah. So direct labeling is just telling people what something is or what a situation is. This is particularly useful when people are newbies, when they're young or when they're just trying to make sense of things for the first time. They don't have necessarily a pre-existing view. So in a classic study, kids were assigned to different conditions and encouraged to not litter in the classroom. And in one condition, they were given a persuasive appeal. They were told it's really important that you don't litter. That seemed to increase or throwing away of trash and not littering in the short term, but not in the long term. Another condition, kids were told that they were not literers, that they were the clean class, the school principal, the teacher, the janitor all told kids that they were the clean class and that they didn't litter. So here you have young kids being labeled. Their group identities being”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“The problems that they face in ways that are productive? How does a doctor talk with a patient who's overweight about how to exercise more? And we also see this all the time in corporate behavior. I mean, of course, marketing is full of this, where marketers are constantly trying to change how we think or feel about different kinds of products so that they essentially can make more money. The kinds of interventions that I'm interested in are ones that originate in basic understanding of social psychological processes and then aim to use those processes to help people achieve their goals and help society and major institutions and society achieve better outcomes.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah, I think that's intervention with a capital I. It's kind of big and imposing and scary and foreign and not something we do every day. It's kind of a singular rare event that's marked in people's lives. I think of interventions as something we do every single day, maybe in every single interaction. You know, you are trying to get a child to go to bed on time or to do their homework. Or you're trying to get your spouse to exercise a bit more. You're trying to get yourself to exercise more. We're always in the business of trying to shape how we or other people think and feel about things in order to help us sort of do better and achieve the goals that we have. You know, we do this all the time in our personal lives. We also do this all the time in our professional lives. I think a big part of what a teacher is or what a doctor is is often in helping other people, helping students or helping patients think about”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And the idea is that what is low self esteem? It's a kind of persistent doubt about your worth and value. And if you think that maybe you aren't a person of high worth and value, then it's harder to believe and be confident that somebody else, a romantic partner, views you in that way. And so people with low self-esteem, they often tend to dismiss compliments from relationship partners. They think of them as something that he just had to say or something that she just had to say. And they don't take them to heart. They don't understand them as a reflection really of the love and regard that their partner holds them in.”
2019-08-20 · The Knowledge Project with Shane Parrish · #64 Greg Walton: The Big Impact of Small Interventions · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT