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Jason Lowery

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  1. Honeybees are a fantastic example of strategic security because they literally create a honey security problem, right? It's honey, like everyone wants literally their honey. Yeah, it's literally a honey pot security problem. Honey bees have stingers, but those stingers don't protect the individual honeybee. When a honeybee stings something, they will sink that thing so deep in their skin that the only way, like because of how it's designed, the only way to get that thing, like to detach from the person they sink is to disembowel themselves and then they die. So a singer on a honeybee is not designed to protect the honeybee. It's not designed for self-defense. The singer of a honeybee is designed to inflict as much pain as possible on an attacker to impose as much physically prohibitive costs on the attacker for the systemic defense of the hive. And they will die in the process of doing it, not to protect themselves, but to protect the hive. And it's just a great illustration of kind of that point. The really easy

    2022-10-05 · We Study Billionaires · BTC098: Proof of Stake (PoS) Versus Proof of Work (PoW) w/ Jason Lowery (Bitcoin Podcast) · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT

  2. And they're not horns, so they're not like pointy. They're all tangled at the end. And so when they butt heads and they fight each other, they actually get entangled by design to prevent themselves from injuring each other. But those same antlers can be used to like stab enemy, you know, like predators that are attacking them. So they've created a way where they can use physical power and they can still have like lethal things on their heads to help impose physical costs if they need to defend themselves. But when they use the same devices to achieve pecking order internally, it minimizes the capacity for injury. It doesn't completely eliminate it. Accidents happen and sometimes their antlers interlock a little bit too much and they, you know, they die.

    2022-10-05 · We Study Billionaires · BTC098: Proof of Stake (PoS) Versus Proof of Work (PoW) w/ Jason Lowery (Bitcoin Podcast) · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT

  3. And so this gets back into the case with the wolves or with any form of abstract power or sorry, physical power projectors in nature. It's like, yeah, these wolves constantly fight over each other. But that alpha is not exploiting their pack like humans can through their abstract power hierarchies. It is much more of a meritocracy than what sapiens structures look like, what their abstract power structures look like for that reason. Yes. And so this is why I often call up the example of stags or a lot of different herbivores because what's cool about what they've done is they actually evolved away to continue the power projection game where they use physical power as the basis through which they achieve resource control authority and determine legitimate state of ownership and chain of custody of property. But they have designed these weird things that come out of their head.

    2022-10-05 · We Study Billionaires · BTC098: Proof of Stake (PoS) Versus Proof of Work (PoW) w/ Jason Lowery (Bitcoin Podcast) · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT

  4. Abstract power. Anyways, yeah. And so it's like a monster of flame. You get the, like, it is actually way easier to exploit. people through positions of high rank than it would be if they used physical power as the method to do it.

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  5. And also, that's why you see nepotism in abstract hierarchies over the course of agrarian society. So they will come up with abstract reasons to say why these high rank positions should stay in the bloodline. And so I'm a king and I was appointed by for, you know, there's some God that says, I have a divine right to be this powerful, abstract, powerful. And my son is carries my blood and therefore carries my abstract power. Like they come up with reasons and over time that becomes very bad because the people at the high positions of abstract power are like literally deformed. They're like inbred freaks. The king Tut exhibit is here in Boston. It's like King Tutt was not like a healthy person. These God kings and the kings, there's so many examples. It's not meritocral at all because they're like literally inbreeding just to keep their

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  6. But the problem is, if you are a parasite or like a sociopath or you're just a guy that wants a lot of control authority over resources. Abstract power hierarchies create a nice, beautiful honey pot for you. All you have to do is a high ranking person. Their incentive.

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  7. So, it is a trust based system. Yes, you must trust the people of high rank that are appointed over you to not abuse their rank, or you must trust the neighbors that are unsympathetic to your laws. You know, the Hannibals out there, the Genghis Khan's out there, to just not roll in and take your stuff. And so it is for these reasons, it's systemically insecure because so long as you have and rely on abstract power, you are technically powerless from a physical standpoint. You have no capacity to impose severe physically prohibitive costs on people who either try to invade you or try to exploit you.

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  8. It is just fantastic. You can get enormous resource abundance from it because people are trustworthy and they're following the rules and they're sympathetic to the rules and the people that you trust as intermediaries and the judges are fair. Like it works out really well. And it has directly led to the enormous amounts of resource abundance and prosperity that experience society has experienced. And obviously it is not capable of causing injury. The problem that you just highlighted is it tends to break down over time. The root problem, as someone said, with all these abstract power hierarchies is that they must, people must be trusted not to exploit them, not to be unsympathetic to them, not to invade them. And history is filled with examples of breaches of that trust.

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  9. You expand the scale of your abstract power hierarchies by adding more persistents. There are some benefits that are worth calling out. The benefits of abstract power is it is not energy intensive, so it's highly efficient. It's like if you live in a well functioning, trustworthy society.

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  10. Yeah, so if they're unsympathetic to your abstract power, then it's completely useless. Or if they don't understand your laws because they speak completely different language, or if you've been geographically separated.

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  11. Abstract power, abstract power is non-inclusive. So not everyone gets to have a high rank. In fact, usually there's one person at the top and they've got most of the power. But the point is not everyone can have access to it. So it's non-inclusive and therefore not fully representative. Another problem with abstract power is it's bounded in zero sum. So there is only there is a hard limit. There's a mathematical limit to how much abstract power that honest people can use to represent their interests or do some other things. And that'll come in, that becomes a very big systemic difference that is important to call out with proof of stake, but we'll wait until we get there. And then another problem with abstract power is obviously it's physically impossible to see it. It's impossible to validate if it's decentralized. And like we said before, there's

    2022-10-05 · We Study Billionaires · BTC098: Proof of Stake (PoS) Versus Proof of Work (PoW) w/ Jason Lowery (Bitcoin Podcast) · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT

  12. Is physically decentralized. So you can actually validate physical power and you can actually validate it. Okay, compare that to stake. Well, actually, let's say the bad sides again, though. Physical power is energy intensive and physical power is prone to causing injury. So those are the downsides. But everything else, like if physical power was not energy intensive or if it was highly energy efficient, and if physical power had no capacity to cause injury, say if it was in an electric form, then it would be a fantastically secure protocol. And it would probably not be condemned as ideologically bad on any philosophical or theological reasons because it is so good at preventing systemic exploitation and like invasion. When you use

    2022-10-05 · We Study Billionaires · BTC098: Proof of Stake (PoS) Versus Proof of Work (PoW) w/ Jason Lowery (Bitcoin Podcast) · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT

  13. The rules so that rank has more abstract power than not, right? Rank is instantiated by the system itself and therefore is systemically exploitable. But physical watts is an ontologically different phenomenon that exists completely outside of these abstract power hierarchies that we use to manage resources. And so it doesn't matter. And this is why like, you know, all those movie examples where the, it's like those David Goliath stories where it's like there's someone of high rank, there's some king, and you know they've got their abstract power hierarchy and they've got themselves systemically secured and it's just like you're just going to get steamrolled by these peasants with their swords, right? Because you can't exploit their power. It's exogenous to the system that you're the king of. And then another big one, you mentioned this too, but it's a huge one is that obviously physical power.

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  14. And these other power projection technologies, what that represents is you're tapping into an exogenous supply of power and then using that to impose physically prohibitive costs on your attackers or your exploiters. Again, power meaning physical watts. And so that game, this power projection game, has scale to the point of nuclear weapons. That's how when we say there's theoretically no limit to the amount of power that honest people can summon to defend themselves, that has scale to the point of We could actually destroy the planet at this point. Like we have that means now. That's how high this honest people can scale that. Another big one, and this is a huge one, when we get into a future conversation about proof of work first proof of stake, is that physical power is systemically exogenous, meaning it cannot be systemically exploited. Whereas like rank, people can change their rank or people can change.

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  15. Especially after Humans discovered fire, because it used to be like animals can only project as much power as they can summon endogenously, like off of their own calories that they ingest and can swing through their muscles. But especially once humans found gunpowder.

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  16. And so the big ones that we've kind of highlighted is when you use physical power as the basis for which you kind of manage your resources, physical power is inclusive, meaning every single person can have access to physical power, right? Like you all are always able to swing a fist or swing a sword if you ever achieve a state where you're being invaded or you're being exploited by your God king. So it's a highly inclusive protocol. Everyone can fight. Physical power is also unbounded. So there is no limit to the amount of their theoretically no limit to the amount of physical costs you can impose in watts.

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  17. Yeah. Yeah, there's so many good examples now. I often joke. It's just like, I don't even need to write this the thesis anymore because it's just playing out in real time.

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  18. in history. And it's also the opposite is also true. Another clear trend is when people stop keeping a military or they deliberately impede their own capacity to project physical power, they tend to have Hannibal at their gates really quickly. And so there's a kind of a balance there. But yeah, it's really interesting.

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  19. This one's called Collapse of Complex Societies. This was recommended to me by Natalie Smalinski from the Texas Blockchain Council. But it goes into, it's not just that, it has multiple different explanations for how complex societies kind of break down. But like, yeah, that's a clear trend. Yes.

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  20. So basically, yes, you're exactly right. In fact, at scale, because like a lot of people will say, well, you know, like military centralized power, it's like, no, take a global picture of it. It is precisely the case that no country can gain 51% control over all the natural resources because we're constantly engaging in this physical power competition. And like anytime Mr. Genghis Khan or Mr. Adolf Hitler or whoever tries to achieve centralized control authority over physical resources, the reason why this system is secure is because there's no limit to how much power honest people can sum together to make it to physically cost prohibitive to achieve centralized control authority over resources.

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  21. area of the earth right they for some reason they decentralize their control authority over the surface area of the earth and they do it using a massive scale global physical power projection so like the there's no one government that has abstract control authority over all the resources of the earth in fact sapiens deliberately prohibit that how by imposing a physically prohibitive cost on gaining single and centralized control authority over all of the surface area of the earth so effectively that is the proof of work protocol where we are using power physical power and we have a bunch of different large scale physical power competition and the benefit of that large scale power competition on a global scale is decentralization of Control authority over Earth's natural resources.

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  22. Yeah. And so that's actually a huge point because I've made this point before too. It lets fast forward to today. Okay. There's a bunch of physical resources. The main one that people seem to enjoy is the surface area of the earth. That is a resource that sapiens seem to value. So the question is, how should sapiens manage resource control authority over the surface area of the earth and determine what the quote unquote legitimate state of ownership and chain of custody of the surface area of the earth is? And so if you take an extraterrestrial point of view, right, and you're an alien and you're visiting earth and you're looking at the sapiens from your extraterrestrial point of view, sapiens are just one single species. And so you look at them and then you would know to yourself, you would say, that's interesting. They don't have centralized control over the surface.

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  23. Yeah, yeah. It's a trust-based system. You have to trust in your God King and the benevolence of your God King, effectively, because when you create an abstract form of power, they are essentially, in many cases, unimpeachable. Like they have unimpeachable power now. And you have also technically removed the constraints of their control authority. So whereas like the alpha wolf can only control what he has the physical power to control if you change it to abstract power, there is technically no limit to what that God king can claim power over. So you can expand their abstract power and abstract resource control authority at zero marginal cost. There is, he can just say, I am the gods, so everything's fine. And it's like, okay, well, I guess you're right. So that was like if you look at how real quick.

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  24. Long range weapons, and then, of course, like airplanes and bombs and stuff like that. You basically stop seeing the person you're killing. And that was part of the reason why warfighting became so lethal during the 1900s is because you don't have that natural instinct prohibiting you anymore. But anyways, that is all to say that humans have a very strong inclination to not use physical power as the basis for which they settle this.

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  25. Army psychologists and a bunch of other psychologists. They've led multiple studies to show and basically quantify the aversion that humans have to injuring other humans. The famous example that I always use that I got from the Colonel Grossman was the example of Gettysburg, where when they took the rifles off the soldiers that were killed in Gettysburg, and 80% of those rifles had never been fired. And several of those rifles had been double and triple stuffed with ball and powder. So it was implying that these soldiers that had died were not firing their shots and were in fact faking full fire and reload sequences during the battle. That's how powerful the natural instinct is to not impose leafly Filcost on or not physically or lethally injure fellow humans. And then he makes the argument that when you started having like

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  26. And then, of course, obviously, if you use physical power as the basis to do this, then you risk physical injury if you're doing it kinetically. So if you're imposing physically prohibitive costs kinetically using force to displace mass, then obviously you're going to have accidents. And I say accidents because a lot of pack animals have natural instincts to basically pull their punches to effectively not injure each other. So they have to figure out a way to use power as the basis to achieve consensus on the legitimate state of ownership of property, but they have natural instincts which prevent them from like obviously killing each other because that's an obvious existential threat, right? If wolves fought each other to the death over every stake, there would be no pack anymore because all the wolves would die. And humans have this same and most a lot of primates have the same natural instinct. So Lieutenant Colonel, I think his name's Grossman.

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  27. And it was essentially morally condemned for two reasons. The first one being because of the energy that it uses. It's very energy intensive to establish a pecking order using physical power. Like if just watch a pack of wolves, it looks exhausting. They're constantly

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  28. Well, so what we have shown using a causally inferable randomized data set is that there are dramatic strategic security implications for choosing not to project power. Okay, because when we do it to animals, look what happens. We turn oryx into ox, and then they become pack animals and they become slaves and they grow our grain to feed the other slaves that we've domesticated being the domesticated candid animals. You turn boars into pigs, you turn jungle fowl into chicken. So like the difference between a boar and a pig is the pig doesn't put up a fight, right? So that gets to be a major issue when we get to agrarian society because it became because of abstract thinking, abstract thinking enables theology, philosophy enables ideologies. And it became considered morally reprehensible to use physical power as the basis for which you settle property disputes or determine resource control authority or achieve consensus on the legitimate state of ownership and chain of custody of property.

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  29. Right, yeah. And so like, I always joke because I'm a big, I like love wiener dogs and I love Italian greyhounds and like wippets, but I always joke is like those are abominations of nature. Like we literally bred these creatures to worship us. They would never survive in the Siberian wilderness. And if not the happy little dog ever acted that way to Siberian wolves. It wouldn't turn out the way. So they only get away with that because they're all domesticated animals. It's the same reason why. That is essentially the foundation of modern agrarian society is our ability to make animals less physically aggressive, less inclined to impose physical power, to impose costs on us. And then as a result of that, we can take advantage of them.

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  30. They do become demonstrably insecure. And we have the data to do the causal inference off that because we eat it for breakfast and for lunch and for dinner or we cuddle with it like we do with our dog. So domestication is proof that if you do a different protocol than the proof of power protocol, then you risk systemic exploitation because that is what domestication represents fundamentally is the systemic exploitation. And it's randomized. It's like a natural experiment because we never actually.

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  31. So, domestication is the process of humans deliberately removing a animal pack's inclination to impose physically prohibitive costs, making them docile. And the reason why that's such a great example is because that gives us what is essentially what we need to causally infer that the relationship between when you stop projecting power, when you forfeit your power and you stop trying to secure yourself by imposing physically prohibitive costs on your attackers, there's a direct causal effect of you become less secure. So like, for example, like a lot of people will say, well, correlation doesn't necessarily imply causation. But if you have randomized A, B testing across 40 different domesticated animals, and in every case, when you remove their physical aggression, when you remove their capacity and inclination to impose severe physical prohibitive costs on their attacker,

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  32. Like I'm defending my territory by signaling to you my capacity to impose a severe physical prohibitive cost. So it's a form of deterrence. This is the same thing that we do when we do up rattling. They'll get a B2 bomber pass right across the coast. Just to remind them or when you're downrange, all the show is the force. PCAR. Yeah. Yeah. You're just letting people know it's like I have the capacity to impose severe physical prohibitive costs. Now the reason why it's hilarious with when the little dog does it is because when like the little dog is like yapping at the bigger dog the bigger dog has been domesticated. They're all both domesticated. So those dogs have been they're wolves like extremely aggressive wolves that over 40,000 years have had their physical aggression and their inclination to be physically aggressive, essentially bred out of them.

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  33. So that is actually a great example for two reasons. So the first one is the little yapping dog is, in my opinion, doing the physical power projection technique. So what a yapping dog is doing is saying, I will impose a physically prohibitive cost on you.

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  34. Literally gold plated graves and the great pyramids and stuff. These are people with such imaginary power that they are like people legitimately believe they're gods. So early in this age, we had god kings. And so the god kings got the resource control authority. So they were the ones that determined what the legitimate state of ownership and chain of custody and property was. And if people had disputes on their property rights, the god kings would adjudicate those disputes. But at the end of the day, it was all just an abstraction, right? There's, you know, let's be real. They probably weren't actually gods. There's no indication that they were.

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  35. Perspective, but also the core, really what it comes down to when we talk about Bitcoin is really just a philosophy about how do you determine the basis for which you establish resource control authority and have consensus on those legitimate state of ownership and chain of custody of an underlying piece of property. So, what sapiens started doing is they started. Abstracting. Sapiens have really big neocortexes. They started coming up with imaginary alternatives to the proof of power protocol. And so what they effectively started doing was appointing people with imaginary power. We could call it rank, for example. And so in the Neolithic age, you started to see signs of rank. And it was really obvious in the fossil record because of how they bury people of high rank. They bury people of high rank with like much more.

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  36. Settled disputes with power competitions and achieve consensus on the legitimate state of ownership in chain of custody of property and determine resource control over it. Using physical power, that is the protocol that has survived natural selection. That's why you see it in nature. So that's just something that's worth noting because humans, sapiens, for whatever reason, after we transition from the upper Paleolithic era to the Neolithic era, in the beginning, we didn't really like there wasn't really much of a sign. There isn't really much of a sign in the human fossil record throughout the Paleolithic age of any meaningful scale like killing of humans like human on human killing. There's not really much in the fossil record. But in the Neolithic age, we adopted new types of protocols for establishing consensus on the legitimate state of ownership and chain of custody of our internal resources. And then after we establish these new protocols, you start to see signs of like massive scale warfare. And so this is really important to kind of pull the thread on from both an anthropology.

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  37. Constantly snarling and biting at each other and establishing the state of ownership in chain of custody of their property using this proof of power protocol, you could call it. The reason why they appear to have done that is because of, like I said before, natural selection. So something that a lot of people forget when they're evaluating or like studying nature is something called survivorship bias, where they forget that what you observe in nature is what has survived a very rigorous selection process. So like the reason why you see so many pack animals use this proof of power protocol for establishing consensus on the legitimate state of ownership and chain of custody property within their packs is because all the other animal packs that used other techniques didn't survive. So right away, you already see that this proof of power protocol where people

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  38. those resources to determine who has the pecking order essentially like how do you ditty those up whose property does this belong to so it's important to realize that this is an existentially important question and the way natural selection has optimized itself is kind of what you see in surviving animals today which is for the overwhelming majority of cases when pack animals have property to distribute amongst the pack they feed and they breed the most powerful members of the pack so the powerful the power projectors power as in watts as in joules per second like literally the strongest members of the pack get first dibs and then if they have property disputes like a group of wolves like a pack of wolves they settle those disputes through physical power competition so they snarl and bite at each other and they're constantly doing this so they're

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  39. Okay, cool. Yeah, so property rights, how they first emerge, how sapiens first started managing their internal resources, determining who has control authority over those resources, determining how to settle disputes related to property rights, and also achieving consensus on the legitimate state of ownership and chain of custody of property. So at some point in the time scale of human beings We started experimenting with different protocols for doing that. But where we came from was effectively a proof of power protocol. So before sapiens and even before primates, most animals, especially pack animals, when they have, they just took down a kill and they had excess meat. It is an existential imperative for those pack animals to manage.

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