YouSaid · the spoken record
John Dickerson
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- 2016-08-01
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- 2016-08-01
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Every line below is reproduced as it was said and linked to the record it came from. Nothing here is summarised or generated. Directory · Search · Corrections
“Well, thank you for having me, and I'm not sure how I'm going to do this because I usually listen to you while I'm running. I'll have to skip an episode because I don't think I can listen to myself while I go running.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, yeah. So he is quite candid on some things in a way that I can't think of any other politician being that candidate.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And so on some things, he'll really, he's quite candid. I mean, the answers he's given me on whether he thinks a Muslim judge could treat him fairly. He said no, whether there should be Muslim profiling. He said yes.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And so on the other hand, and then sometimes when you try to talk about a fact that he's misstated or something that he said out loud that he disagrees with himself now on, it can be very frustrating. On the other hand, he will say things about, I mean, when I first interviewed him or one of the first interviews or so, he said, you know, I asked him about his effective tax rate. And he said, I pay as little taxes as possible. No politician would really say that.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And one of the reasons that in a campaign we do see a little bit of what a president has to do is that when there is a crisis moment or a turning point moment, we get a vision of how a candidate has thought about a set of ideas over time. You can't cook up that speech in five minutes just coming up with new ideas. You need to have marinated and pawed through those ideas over the course of time. And if you're talking about national ideas, that matters. I lost my train of thought on Hillary Clinton. Yeah.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And what's fascinating about that, not to go down too many different roads, but one, it ends with a story. We don't hear stories in politics anymore, which is baffles me. The other thing is that you'd had obviously shown, it was obviously from the mind of a person who had spent a lot of time thinking about race and identity in America. He so wanted to give”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Is worth reading right here in Philadelphia. Yeah, and really worth rereading as we talk about race in America again. Yeah, I think it was one of”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I think that's right. I mean, I think it's a, maybe it's a corollary or it's a second, it's part, I mean, the vast right-wing conspiracy argues basically there is a special effort to undo me by the right wing. And this is in a similar category, which is I have a special standard to me. And I think those are, you know, whether voters buy that or not because on this email thing, the FBI is not, again, back to your point. The FBI is not creating some false standard. I mean, the FBI did their investigation. Comey said what he was going to say. The Inspector General of the State Department said was not some kind of crazy standard. And against those standards, that's where she has difficulty in talking to the president. I was reminded by after the Reverend Wright videos came out and he gave his speech, which”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Right, exactly, and challenge of her campaign because I feel like an idiot saying this in front of you, but people make those kind of connections because you know it so well. They make connections on levels that are personal. Anyway, she just kind of threw her arms and said, I am a real person. I think that was a genuine expression of frustration with the process. It was a genuine response. It's not unimportant because people do make connections to politicians, not always based on their seven-point plan for rising wages, but for whether they think they're an authentic human being.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“How would Ted Coop answer this? No, but I asked her, you know, give us three words that give people a sense of who you really are, because there's this question people constantly have that they're not seeing real Hillary. And she just like”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Trump is frustrating in a different way. I mean, I think Hillary Clinton There i so she's just more risk averse which means you need to have a longer interview to kind of get where you do you ever feel like you've”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“This is right before we knew, you know, before Debbie Wassrom, that was another challenge, which they have managed. We'll see how it turns out, but they've kind of managed it pretty well given.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Well, Hillary Could imagine another politician saying this is an outrage. The DNC is supposed to be neutral, and I really hope they didn't do anything to help tilt the playing field because I wanted Fair and Square on my own. You could imagine anything that showed a kind of immediate.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Well, you know, we talked a little bit about the way in which campaigns and governing are two separate things and how campaigns maybe encourage us to pay attention to attributes that maybe aren't that important in the presidency. There are some that are, of course, crucial. I think in her case, I think she's just not a very good campaigner. I think her instincts are much more towards, I mean, going back to when she was first lady, even First Lady of Arkansas, when you read what her friends wrote about her, what she said, her interest in life seems always to have been more policy, more the backroom work. Mario Cuomo.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, I think it is. And there's so much to be now because you could never have written this book 10 years ago because I had a, basically I had this fantastic researcher who was a PhD history candidate at the time who would send me all the, I mean, so if I'm doing the election of 1800, he would send me the broadsheets, which are in PDF form. So I'm on a plane going somewhere, and I can read the articles in the newspapers at the time. And that's true of basically all the races. Yeah.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“There are 19 chapters, 17 of them are whistle stops that I'd already done, but what I learned is that a podcast does not a chapter make. So when you're writing about a lot of the forces in these races, you have to go back and basically rewrite the whole thing, which was great, but also a heck of a lot of work in the middle of this campaign. And then I added two brand new chapters as well. And it jumps all over the place. I mean, so 68, I do just the Wallace campaign. I don't do the Democratic Convention, which is, of course, a great chapter yet to come. I don't do Nixon, you know, I mean, Nixon, his whole Renaissance. I mean, 1960, I just did Kennedy in West Virginia as opposed to the Kennedy-Nixon debates, any of it. So there's a lot of material still left.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Ends up helping FDR creates the conditions for FDR to have a coalition that allows the war. And if he hadn't done that, the Republican Party would have, you know, if Taft had been nominated. He would have been less, much less likely to build bridges with FDR and also wouldn't have shown that inside the Republican Party there really was this interventionist or I should say non-isolationist wing that once FDR saw that illuminated by Wilkie because Wilkie wasn't all for the war he was just for doing a hell of a lot more than he was an internationalist yes precisely and I thought that's a really that's one of the fun things about going back and looking at these races is to is to take those turning point moments and really see how far you can run them even if it's not perfectly true it's a it's a great way to kind of understand the story”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And Charlie Peters has this great book Five Days in Philadelphia, I think it's called. Yes, fitting, but his argument is basically that Wilkie, who comes out of, basically comes out of nowhere to beat Dewey and Taft and Vandenberg.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Exactly. I mean, when his announcement when Wilkie announced, he boasted about how he was liberal because he wasn't going to let FDR and the Democrats say he wasn't liberal. He just thought the government should be more efficient when it was helping people do all these things. And that was not more progressive than the conservatives.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Exactly. They had a lot more, they had more money and strength and organizing power. And that's another thing that's changed. But I think back to your first point, which is that the The votes just, I mean, the votes just don't look like they're there for Trump to get as many votes as he would need out of that portion of the electorate while writing off. The larger portion of the electorate, unless Hillary Clinton somehow helps him.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“It was great. The argument is just like today, where people and analysts said, you know, Wallace is making a gut level appeal. It doesn't matter whether he's going to help these people economically. He's appealing to them by the gut. And we hear a lot of that now, how Republicans have appealed to white working class voters.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Wash out in the end. But Wallace made big appeals to the unions in the Northwest, or sorry, in the Midwest. Humphrey was able and the unions were able, after spending a great deal of money to basically say he's not really on your side.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Exactly. And the gamble was, or the thought was, that he would take enough states to throw the vote into the House, and then he'd have bargaining power. Nixon tried to get Humphrey to agree to whoever won the plurality in the general election would just win because he thought that if it got thrown in the House, the Democratic House, Humphrey would win, even if Nixon had won the plurality. But Humphrey didn't agree to that. So a couple of things. One, you have Republicans speaking out against Trump in a way. Nobody spoke out against Wallace. Nobody with anything really at risk spoke out. So when Paul Ryan has repeatedly called out Donald Trump, You didn't see that in the Republican Party. Nixon didn't call out Wallace for making racial appeals. So that's one change, and that represents either a change in moral focus or a recognition that you're offending more voters now than you would have had in Wallace's time. So I think that's a big deal. I think the other thing that's an echo, and I don't know how this will.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, so there are a couple of things that's exactly right. There aren't the same. Of course, Wallace didn't prevail in the end either. Right. It didn't take.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“They didn't grow up. And that busing in the South in particular obviously was a huge issue. But then housing too, the idea that the federal government could mess with your housing.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Absolutely. And there are wonderful, one of the great things about going back and reading all the press coverage from the times there were all these great pieces of analysis about how Wallace was really just cat's paw for Johnson. Basically, he'd convinced Wallace to run just to steal votes on the law and order message from Nixon. And this was just like, it was total fraud, total setup, not real. Same thing. They were just basically like, this can't possibly be a real effort. And people misunderstood the sense of anger. And then also when you see, I mean, when you hear somebody talking about law and order, we've been talking a lot about Nixon, as Donald Trump uses those phrase, but it was really Wallace who did it and appealed to and used that language to appeal to fears that whites had about the raging inner cities. And also one thing that's crucial then that isn't happening now is you had busing and housing. So kids are being bused to and from neighborhoods to go to schools where that”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And so that was a little signal of that, but he started to do well in the north so well that both Humphrey and Nixon were worried about Wallace because there were a lot of working class whites who resented the riots, peace marches, and also the African American rising labor class.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“He was basically saying if somebody is doing well enough that people rise up to try to stop him, that means they're doing well enough to go and win an election, in this case at least just be nominated. But the 68 Wallace campaign comes back again and again as a couple of things, the element of surprise. People thought he's never going to get on the ballot. He got on the ballot in all 50 states. People thought, oh, well, it's just a regional thing. But in the North, he was appealing to, you know, in 64, he'd done well in some Democratic primaries.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“As he tried to insert a plank against extremism in the party, which everybody in the audience knew was really a shot at the people who were the John Birchers and the KKK, which had supported Goldwater. But they can't get their act together. And Governor Rockefeller, while the governors are trying, Governor Rockefeller, who's lost to Goldwater and the California primary, is trying to work with these governors to find some alternative to goldwater. And he tells a story of, I think it's Stu Spencer he's talking to where Spencer says, you know, it's time to call in the establishment. And the Governor Rockefeller says, I am the establishment. In other words, the establishment was losing and it was just down to a single guy and the momentum of the party. And Nixon says to Pat Buchanan, if there's ever a stop X movement, you always want to be with X because what he learned in'64, Nixon was trying to undo Goldwater a little bit himself. He finally jumped in front of the parade.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Well, that was one. But in Alabama, he had another speech where he buzzed. And when he's giving helicopter rise, that sense of the total circus feels like it's new, but it's old. 64 when the Republicans tried to stop Goldwater. I mean, Mitt Romney's dad, governor of Michigan. George Romney is in the center of that effort in much the same way his son is. Yes. And they can't do it because there's no real, there's a great line from Governor Rockefeller who was booed.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, I mean, there are three. The biggest one is, well, here I'll start with the smallest one, which is when in 1840, William Henry Harrison's the first one to really campaign as a candidate. And the campaigns were totally frivolous. I mean, people were drinking hard cider all day. They were big parades. Nobody was having a debate of the issues. So when you see Trump flying his plane over the stadium in which he's going to give a big rousing speech, it feels very much in touch with that”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, and I think that we all, there's, I mean, you could easily write up the list. You and I know where our business needs to improve. You can definitely figure out where politicians need to improve. But I think there is a role for voters to, there's some changes voters voters and viewers need to make in terms of the way they process news. I mean, the number of people who complain about the superficiality of politicians and press coverage and then form a lot of their opinions based merely on the headlines of things they've read rather than reading through the whole thing and developing, I mean, it's big. And the Twitter culture and snap judgment culture of our politics right now only encourages that more and more and more. Is people not sitting with an idea and trying to figure out what they really think about it? And that's a big thing we've got to fix.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“They do, she does, although actually not the bulk of her work is actually teaching people who do write about complicated stuff how to make it. She's on the side of the angels, which is to say complicated things and make it so that people understand what you're talking about, which is towards the conveyance of information as opposed to when she's helping people not convey information Yeah, no, it is a kabuki. And the kabuki has elements in it that viewers add a part too, which is, you know, you put on 18 minutes about infrastructure spending in America. Nobody's going to watch. And I think there's a role, I would love to. Which”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Because you That's right It does. My wife does media training and she does all of that too, although God lovers, she does actually.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“No one's immune. No one's immune. No one's immune, but it's something I really appreciate. The challenge, though, is when you, coming from print, where sometimes I take two days to interview somebody, now I interview them in six minutes. And also, I think it's true. I think it's true that basically all politicians have become so much more guarded and so much more habituated to answering things in ways that aren't, that really don't get you anywhere, that it means you're really, you're sometimes just banging your head against a wall to get something that's a useful piece of information that will help people understand their world.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Well, it's frustrating. I must say that CBS is wonderful about in all the shows I work on, if there's a shiny object moment and I feel like, look, let's move past that pretty quickly. It's not going to matter tomorrow. Nobody says, no, we must. Now, I'm not saying we're, you know,”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“As you know better than anybody, what you face when you get in the job is different than the way that job is covered. And it's covered by the shiny thing that's easily understood that has a narrative flash to it. I mean, the Debbie Wasserman Schultz thing, ah, secret emails. Bernie Sanders getting screwed. Eve of a convention where they're trying to show unity. I mean, it has all of the narrative fun of it, but what it's missing is whether this is, you know, yes.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, no, everything you say is true. It's another reason why I was so happy to have gone off and done that kind of that long series on presidential attributes and what it takes to be a president, because I felt like that question never gets asked. We're in the middle of a campaign. People say campaigns are a job interview, but rarely sit down and say, okay, well, let's treat it like a job interview for a minute. What skills would be required? And also, if it's a job interview, that means we get to ask all kinds of questions that the system never lets us ask. I mean, probe things that are, you know, how people think, how they adapt, how they take risks, how they've worked with other people. If you actually ask those questions in a lot of interview settings, viewers and others would be like, that's a weird question. Why is he asking that? But it's central to the job. And that was really great to be able to talk about some of that with the president because it's crucial to when.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Work it, work ideas at length, then you can go back to the Twitchy writing, and you've still got that body of knowledge you're working off of. And that, I'm thank God for David Plotz, who was the editor who forced us to do that.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Where you had to just leave your beat and go do something at length. And I did two of those projects. One was on risk taking. And you got to go do the old-fashioned journalism. You never even could do a Time magazine. But, you know, spend weeks with Silicon Valley startup, a band that was making its own way, a general who actually ended up being the CENCOM commander, and some mountain climbers. And, you know, being able to really go into a story and why people do things and why they're motivated and why they take risks and when restraint is important and when lack of restraint is crucial. And then I did the same thing with the presidency, which ended up being a set of the ideas that I talked about with President Obama four years after this series ran. But if you can find spaces in the current media environment as a journalist to go”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“So, when then I moved from that to slate, which was super fast, like they wanted you to work all the time. And the editor there did this great thing, which was recognizing the downside of that. He forced us all at least once a year to go off and do a long project.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“It's absolutely true. And I went from Time magazine, which was a weekly. I mean, the first campaign I really covered in 1996, there were news cycles in the day, even though there was CNN, you still had kind of news cycles. You had time in between them to talk to voters, talk to campaign people, consider ideas, bounce things around in a less frantic environment. You developed a set of views about things that you then constantly tested, as opposed to just, I'm just, you know, I mean, you let what you were producing marinate a little bit as opposed to just constantly being a short order cook.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“That allowed him to then become a commentator. I mean, that's when he switched a little in terms of his voice. But I think we have more voices, which means there's no longer the Olympian truth being handed down to you, which allows, if there's an alternate view, it's good to have that alternate view kind of challenging the perceived wisdom of the people who've been elevated through their whatever reason to a high level in the traditional media. So I like that lots of those different voices.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Right. That's right. And that was a different phase. I mean, so he built up currency as a radio reporter and adjusted the facts from the bombings in London. Right, war reporter.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“What we've lost is a little bit of, I mean, well, we've lost perspective, we move too fast. We don't, what we've gained, I think, is more voices. If you go back and listen to some of the stuff that those great journalists said, it was incredibly opinionated. It was not there is a bit of a myth that's grown up about the kind of dispassionate, just the facts ma'am journalism. Eric Severide, wonderful voice, incredible broadcaster. He wrote some pretty peppery things that were not simply the basis of cool-headed reason. And so...”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, and she talked about them and what they believed and what they did in these really reverent tones, in the old-fashioned CBS 50s and 60s kind of tones about it was the golden age of that kind of journalism. And she talked about it that way.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Just like her. I know. I know. It's funny. Yeah, I mean, it is. And one of her best friends was a guy named Paul Niven, who was another host of Face the Nation briefly, and then he went to NBC. She always used to talk about him. He'd passed away by the time I was old enough to remember these names. So now it's very weird. I not only think about what she would think about all of this, but I remember how she used to talk about people in this job. I mean, Niven and then obviously Severide and Cronkheit and Murrow and...”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, and you end up interviewing yourself, which is, you know, sort of what do I feel about this thing that's just now happening while you're also trying to write the story of just tell people who your mother and who your parents were.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, she had kept her journals from when she was a little girl. And so her journals when she was a little girl, the handwritten poll that Lyndon Johnson had shown her in 1964 about why he was going to beat cold water. Turned, of course, to be right about that. Letters to and from various different people. Things about my parents' relationship. Everything was in there.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, because I basically discovered who she was after she died because her career was essentially over, which is also part of the complexity of our relationship when you were one of the most famous people. America, basically, as being one of the only women, and she was quite attractive. Then have your career disappear so quickly is, you know, plus there was all kinds of other people have to buy the book. There were other challenges going on, but she had kept everything. So after she died, I discovered her life, which also added lots of complexity.”
2016-08-01 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 71 - John Dickerson · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source