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Jonathan Karl
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“Yeah, no doubt. Well, it's great to talk to you. And I've been an admirer for a long time and you're one of the smartest analysts of all this stuff. So I appreciate talking to you. It's great to talk to you.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Look, look, Barack Obama said in his convention speech that he has viewed the White House as another reality show, which is kind of a theme of the book. I mean, I don't think that he... I don't think he wants to be a dictator. I think he might want to play a dictator on television, but I don't think he particularly wants all the responsibility that would come with ultimate authority. I think he flirts with that from time to time, but ultimately it's the show. So this is going to be a great wild season ender if he loses and he'll play it for everything it's worth. I don't think that he wants to, you know, he's not, I don't my feel having known the guy and covered the guy, this is not the kind of person that's going to provoke a constitutional crisis by refusing to leave if he loses. I don't think so.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“So I asked a former very senior official in that administration about that will he leave? And the answer was pretty interesting. He said, look, we have people, meaning the U.S. government, who will escort him out. It'll be fine. And then he added he could chain himself to the resolute desk, and they will go and clip chains and show him the door. So that was rather vivid imagery. I don't think that he, I think that he will make us wonder what he will do. I think that he'll make a lot of noise. He'll play the victim if he loses. He'll say it was rigged. But I think ultimately, you know, he's not going to provoke a crisis.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“That we are at a point in our country where People have a different set of facts, and there's not a basic understanding about what is true and what is not true. And that's dangerous because you can't.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And his answer was chilling. He said to me, well, I hope people do take it to heart because I really believe it. I believe that the fake news is the enemy of the people, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. It was like it didn't register. I don't think he meant that he literally wanted, I mean, he didn't mean he wanted somebody to literally go out and do violence, but he couldn't comprehend the idea that his words could have deadly consequences. But it's not just that. I just worry that...”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Almost a year ago in the Oval Office, where I said to him, this was not long after the shootings in El Paso and Dayton, and I said, when you label the press the enemy of the people, aren't you worried that some unstable person is going to take your words to heart? This could be really dangerous. This is after the bomb, the bombs that were sent to CNN, the letter bombs.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I think it's corrosive and I think it's been deeply damaging and I hope it can be undone, but I think it will take beyond the Trump era long after he is gone. I mean, he has used the most powerful bully pulpit in the world to, on a day-by-day basis, undermine faith in a free press and to convince people that they shouldn't believe anything they see in a newspaper or on a television newscast. And I think it's incredibly damaging, as you point out, it's not he does it publicly and then he courts the press behind the scenes. I had a meeting with him.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“True, true, true, true. But it's strange. He lashes out on everybody over almost anything, but he never lashes out at Russia, never says, I mean, it's odd. I don't know.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“The honest answer is I don't know, but it is strange. It is consistent. Helsinki has rightfully been seen as kind of a marker of this presidency, particularly in terms of the Russia relationship. But he said virtually the same thing earlier. I remember his first trip to Asia. We were at a joint press conference in Vietnam. And he had basically said the same thing, that, you know, well, if he says he didn't do it, I believe him. The intelligence community had given its findings. He was taking the side of Vladimir Putin over his own intelligence community. So it's been consistent throughout. It is true that his administration has taken steps.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“You can look at the video, and it was 10 different times I asked a variation of it, and he had the arms crossed and he scowled and he wouldn't even look at me as I was asking this. So finally, I was like, I think my last question was, why? Why won't you say anything about John McCain? Now, eventually the flags came down, but he never never.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Was a busy day at the White House. I happened to be the pool reporter, which meant I was the sole network reporter that was at this series of events. There were a couple of events in the Oval Office. There was an event in the cabinet room. There was something in the rose garden. So I was there for all of these things. And every single one of them, I said any comment about John McCain. Do you think John McCain was a hero? What are your thoughts on John McCain? By the last couple of events, the American Legion was in on the act and the head of the American Legion wrote a letter urging the president to lower the flags for John McCain, saying this is an American hero.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, yeah, yeah And obviously his whole story is five and a half years as a POW. It is amazing. It's tremendous service to this country. So the idea that the president of the United States wasn't going to say a damn thing about the passing of an American legend in an American hero. And he hadn't even put the flag down at the White House.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I actually was. And I know we shouldn't as a reporter, it's not really my job to be offended. But I had really, you know, they used to say of McCain after that 2000 campaign that his base was the press. Yeah, right. And look, I stand by my reporting then. I did reporting that irritated him and pissed him off. I don't think I was puffing him up, but I really admired the guy.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Davis and Weaver actually waiting to talk to him as he was getting on the bus because then he was going to be back with us. Now Mike Murphy was always with him in the back, so he did have one aid with him in the back, but Mike Murphy was really more of like his sidekick, you know.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“He had that boss. He spent all day, every day on that bus, and the entire day he was surrounded by reporters. There were, you know, maybe like eight to ten of us that could squeeze into the back around him. And I was one of those that was on almost constantly. And he was always on the record. And he, I mean, you can imagine, I remember seeing Rick Davis, his campaign manager and John Weaver, his political director, whatever his title was. Sometimes he would ride the bus. He'd get off. He'd do his town hall, and then he would get back on the bus. And sometimes I would see.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“It was the most fun I've ever had covering any story. Actually, now, given I haven't thought about it this way, but I guess there were some similarities to Mario Cuomo, because I do remember driving around New York, sitting in the back seat with Mario Cuomo in a similar kind of. But this was more intense because this was”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“You know, it's hard to figure. She disappears for long periods of time and then will appear and be out there a lot. She is the ultimate survivor in that White House. And I think that the way that she survives is she keeps her head down for a long period of time. And then when Trump really needs somebody to go out there and willing to say anything to defend him, she raises her hand. It's a mystery to me, I'll be candid. I mean, I often ask people, what does Kelly Ann do? I mean, like people serious jobs in the West Wing. And I don't really get a consistent answer to that question. But she defends him and she goes out there And fiercely, and I think that by not doing it constantly in terms of in his eyes has more impact. He doesn't get weary of it. And doesn't feel like...”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, right. But I had never done television reporting at all. And they hired me. And two weeks later had me, my first day on the job was in Iowa for the Iowa caucuses. I mean, I never even started, I never even saw the inside of a CNN bureau as an employee until, I mean, God, a long time later, I was on the road covering the campaign. Interestingly, And it was a one-year contract when I told my mom the news. And my stepfather, they were happy, but they said, but they said, look, you better keep writing too. It's fine to do this television stuff, but you got to keep writing. Which I think was good advice, actually. Very good.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Was a total accident. CNN decided in going into the 1996 campaign they wanted to have a Generation X team to cover the election from the perspective of young voters because we used to be young back then. And they actually first reached out to my old generational revolutionary Douglas Kennedy. And Douglas suggested that they talk to me. And I went into interview for this. And to my surprise, like in a very haphazard CNN way, they just hired me. I mean, it was like it was, you know, I had done television appearances like the one where I got everything wrong in 1994 as a political reporter in New York.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Well, you know, you're saying he hates me. Well, do you know about the letter he sent me? Do you know about the wonderful letter he sent me? And of course, how would we know? And he ended up giving me this letter, the classic 41 letter, wishing him Locke America's rooting for him. We won't be able to be there, but we wish you all the best. And I was just astounded that, A, the guy had time to watch Good Morning America. And B, that he spends, you spent like 10 minutes on the farm with us.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I did a goofy. I had a brief thing with George Stefanopoulos on Good Morning America that morning about Bush 41 and now he had just gone into the hospital again. And at the end of it, I reminded George they weren't going to be coming to the inauguration anyway. And besides H.W. Bush wasn't exactly a fan. He had thrown his shoes at the television set every time Trump came on during the primaries. And it was just a little thing. And it was done. And about two or three hours later, I got a phone call and it was Donald Trump. And getting George on the phone too. So Trump had George and I on the phone.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Trump really cares, really watches this stuff. And he has it on his DVR. I tell this story in the book about January 18, 2017, two days before his inauguration. I mean, you'd think this would be a really high-stakes moment for him. I mean, his cabinet's still not in place. The speech isn't done yet. I mean, all that he's got to do.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, he does. And he brings, he also just brings reporters into the Oval Office. He actually really cares. I mean, you, I mean, I don't have to tell you, but Barack Obama wouldn't care what the cable television chatter in the middle of the day was about X, Y, or Z. Woody?”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And he loves to beat up on my former Maggie Haberman also worked at the New York Post, actually started working there right after I left. Says that she used to see mail for me in the mail room. Trump always attacks her and the most vicious and horrible ways. But I don't know. I've never asked Maggie who her sources are or anything like this, but there have been many moments that people Senior people in the Trump White House were convinced that the only reason why the only way Maggie could have gotten X, Y, or Z is because the president called her up. So, I don't know. I've never asked her. It's not my thing to ask.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“My sense is it's a little bit less as things have gotten tense, but this was still happening as he got into the White House.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And the way they got in and out in the basement without being seen outside, and this is their car they're using. And this is why Trump Tower is so great. And one of the funny things is he showed me, he wanted me to know all the celebrities that lived in Trump Tower. It's like Sophia Lorraine is over here. Andrew Lloyd Weber is over here. The British royal family owns this. The Saudis have this. And on and on and on, and he showed me and told me what stories, what floor they were on. And the post printed a graphic inside of Trump Tower with arrows pointing to where all these celebrities had their very private places on Trump Tower.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“That is a very smart way to phrase it. He called me back, I mean, within an hour, and I was and said, come on up now. I grabbed a photographer, a post photographer, and we went up and we spent an hour running around Trump Tower. He introduced me to Michael's bodyguard, showed me where they were staying. I didn't get to meet Michael at last.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I know it's unbelievable. I mean, there was another time where I called Hank Aaron out of the blue for a story. And to my total shock, he called me back. It was like, but I got through to Norma Federer, who was his gatekeeper for years. I mean, just a real huge figure. practically helped raise his kids in addition to keeping his business in line. She died several years ago, but she was the gatekeeper. And she's gruff. What do you want to talk to him about? And I said, well, I want to.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, there's an annex downstairs for the more junior people like me. And I sure as hell wasn't going to get a story in about Giuliani that day. So I saw this news break and I just on a total whim dialed. Oh, the key thing is that Lisa Marie and Michael who had not been seen in public yet together were staying at Trump Tower, it was reported. So there was a huge crush of paparazzi and television crews and everything else surrounding Trump Tower, hoping to get a glimpse of these two. I mean, Michael Jackson was at the absolute peak of his popularity at this point. They eventually police cordon that pushed the crowd across the street. So I called up the Trump organization. I didn't have the number, but I looked it up. And I called the Trump organization and asked to speak to Donald Trump.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I was an aspiring political reporter, so I didn't really care when Michael Jackson, it was learned secretly married Lisa Presley. I mean, it wasn't really my thing. I didn't really care about Donald Trump, but I was working for the New York Post, and I also wanted to get in the newspaper the next day. So I was actually at City Hall in the basement, the annex. Room 9 is the main press room upstairs. Same place.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And I got to go back and forth between Pataki and Mario Cuomo and what I learned so much from Cuomo because the post ended up in the home stretch making me their, you know, their reporter on Cuomo. So I went everywhere with him and rode along in the car with him for interviews. And it was always fascinating. I always learned something. He was professorial, he was philosophical. But I also noticed the contrast if Pataki would come out, talk to the reporters for about five minutes, answer a few questions, and say he wanted to bring the death penalty back and cut taxes, and then he would leave no matter what the questions were. And Cuomo would hold these colloquies with reporters and had a harder time as a result to get his message out. But he was a hell of a lot more interesting to cover.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“That day I had reported the story for the New York Post, and Judy Woodruff had me on Inside Politics. And I couldn't say no to the invitation to appear on CNN. But it was such a busy day. I had a huge deadline. So I jammed the story out and I ran to that old CNN Bureau by Penn Station. And no time for makeup. I looked like crap. They threw me right into the studio. I later learned that the Chiron had both my first name and my last name spelled wrong. And at the end of the interview, Judy asked me, so what's going to happen there in New York? This is 1994. And I said, well, after this, it sure looks bad for the Republicans. Of course, Pataki won.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Giuliani had him go in and raid the mosque and make the arrest. And if you felt like there were going to be riots in New York, it was very tense. But, you know, Giuliani was obviously a real force. He was a controversial figure. But as things got better in New York and they did, even in my two years at the post, he was a pretty popular Republican. And I remember when Mario Cuomo was running for his third term, trying to court Giuliani's endorsement, and he got it. He got it. So, Giuliani, the Republican mayor endorsed the Democratic governor, poor George Bataki, was the Republican, was kind of left on the outside. And I'll tell you, David, I made my first appearance ever on CNN.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“That's a good where's Rudy? You mean they should make up signs that say that? So I started at the post and the very next day Rudy Giuliani was inaugurated as mayor for the first time. And it was a really tense time in New York. There was a lot of unrest. There was a lot of crime. I mean, it was a tough time. And he came in with William Bratton as his police chief. And he was going to change all that. And he was the whole broken Windows theory of, you know. Police were in pursuit of somebody who hold up in the Nation of Islam's mosque.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Students for a democratic society. And I was able to do that from my purchase at Freedom House and do other writing. But I really wanted to be a reporter. And it was hard to get a job as a daily job as a reporter. There was no online publications. There was no politico. There was no Douglas actually went first and got a job working at the New York Post and kind of dragged me along. And I spent two years at the post, which was just a blast.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“New York Post. Well, there was a stop in between, which was Freedom House, which was a, is a human rights organization in New York And I got a job there basically editing their publications. And there's a little, I mean, it's a complicated story, but I was also in the interim, became a little bit of a generational revolutionary. And crafted a thing called the Third Millennium Declaration, which was my attempt with Douglas Kennedy, Bobby Kennedy's youngest son, to craft our generation's answer to the Port Huron statement, which was...”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Blumenthal, Fred Barnes, and I got to sit in on these editorial meetings of people that I had been reading in awe for years. And they encouraged us to jump in. And it was in.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, it's not quite the magazine it was, but back then Rick Hertzberg, who I know you know, former Carter speechwriter, was the editor, Andrew Sullivan was the deputy editor, Mike Kinsley was there. Yeah, no, quite annoying.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“So that was my real, I had a summer of like summer of 1988, just or was it 89, something like that, totally immersed in Washington and fascinated by everything about it. And I knew I wanted to be back.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Went into competition and just kind of tried to bury him, but it was. And the school newspaper was put out by the journalism class. There was a journalism class. And so everybody working on the paper got credit and everything else. So what I did is I realized some of the best writers in my high school weren't in the journalism class. So we just like. It was all the outsiders, you know But then I ended up eventually having an internship at National Journal when I was at Vassar. That was my first kind of DC thing and wrote actually wrote for that magazine, which as you remember was kind of a big deal back then and the Almanac of American politics was put out by them”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Which I still think was the highlight of my journalism career because it was a hell of a lot of fun and more popular than the official. High school paper. This”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, I mean, it's a pretty big because people bust in people from 20, 25 miles out. So all the little towns go to that little regional school. But there was no foreign language. There was no advanced math. There was, you know, it was, you know, you were in the class. My class had about 23 people. Everybody was in the same. Same classes, you know, so why I ended up coming back to Connecticut and spending my summers in South Dakota.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And is that I bounced back and forth between there, but mostly South Dakota from fifth grade until eighth grade getting ready to go into high school. And my parents made a decision that I really should go to high school back in Connecticut because God bless Hill City High School, which Hill City High School, by the way, is K through 12. So it's all one building.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Well, you know, a bit. They did have some columns. I remember, I think they had George Will's column was in the Rapid City Journal.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“A huge part of it. I mean, I was already a bit of a geek on this stuff and reading when we were in Connecticut, I actually sought out the New York Times op-ed page. I remember reading tracking the arms control in elementary school, tracking the arms control negotiations”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I sat in on these interviews and eventually they ended up consulting. There was a museum in the town of Keystone at the base of Mount Rushmore. They ended up consulting that and ended up running that museum for several years and then writing a book on the Guyo Carved Mount Rushmore. I went around with, I was there for much of that research and those interviews.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Totally, you know, bedroom community for New York. And we were out there. And I had this entirely new experience. And we ended up traveling around the country every time they got a lead on another person who had worked on Mount Rushmore. And you said...”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I remember the date October 1st because they had a snowstorm that brought nearly two feet of snow. And I was like, what am I doing here? But we moved into the Circle-esque motel, which was a little motel on the outskirts of Hill City. Now, Hill City at that point was a town that had 350 people. So this was out of town about a mile or two, Circle S and we had two adjoining motel rooms. The motels you could drive in. How long did you...”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Great freaking idea. So we moved out. We moved October 1st. I'll remember the date because that's the because we moved out there. I started school in Connecticut and suddenly I was ripped up and going to like a little school in Hill City, South Dakota.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And somehow they wrote to the University of South Dakota in Vermilion and got them to underwrite. I mean, I'm sure they got very little money involved here, but the idea of doing an oral history of going around and interviewing all of these people who worked on Mount Rushmore. Actually, a great idea.”
2020-08-24 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 401 — Jonathan Karl · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source