YouSaid · the spoken record

Julián Castro

lines on the record: 80
first: 2017-03-27
most recent: 2017-03-27
sittings or episodes: 1
sources: podcast

Every line below is reproduced as it was said and linked to the record it came from. Nothing here is summarised or generated. Directory · Search · Corrections

“Think you could be one of those? I said the other day that I won't take that off the table. There's a long time between now and 2020. At the same time, I could focus on what I'm doing now. We don't know when the world is going to happen in 2018, much less 2020. So we'll see.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“My brother is going to consider a run against Ted Cruz for Senate. which would be quite a race, I think. But yeah, so I'm just going to watch politics as they develop. It's been interesting for me that the times that I've been out of electoral politics, I haven't missed it as much as I thought that I would. I think it's possible, it's altogether possible that I'll run again for something. So, you know, I won't lie to you and say that I don't think I'll ever run again.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Well, I mean, right now I'm working on a book for Little Brown that I had been working on before I got into the cabinet that they had given me an extension on”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“First time since Reagan. Also, given some of the other folks that are in the cabinet, I think you could argue that you could go and find a qualified Latino. It's going to be a problem not just for him next time, but also for other Republicans in twenty eighteen and in twenty twenty. And I think on the electoral map, what you saw was that especially in Mexican-American heavy areas. In Texas, Hillary did 6.7 points better than Obama had done in 2012. She won in Colorado. She won New Mexico. She won Nevada. She improved from 2012 in Arizona.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And Paul Ryan called it a textbook case of racism and so forth. There's this very strong narrative that there's just something up with him in the Latino community. He's just done, and then he didn't put a Latino in the cabinet, okay, you know.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, that's right. That's right. Let me grant that. Saying that Mexico is going to have to pay for it is to me just strikes me as a way to humiliate the other country. And doing it in a way that inflames that country and given the history of United States and Mexico relations. The other thing was that for the Latino community, it continues this narrative about Donald Trump that he really, you know, what I would hear is people would say, you know, he doesn't like us. Not we don't like him. During the campaign, people would say over and over, why doesn't he like us? You tie this to what he said about that Judge Gurriel, who was born in Indiana, and he said that he couldn't do his job properly because he was a Mexican descent.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I grew up in San Antonio where it's very clear the benefits of a strong relationship with our neighbor to the south, economic relationship, the familial relationships that still exist, the way that Mexico has been helpful over the years in terms of whether it's been diplomatically or working to stem the flow of drugs or migrants, there's a strong relationship there that unfortunately the president is taking a jackhammer to. And even if you believe in the wall There would be a way to pursue it. In fact, there is some fencing right now. Now, I don't agree with a wall, but I think one of the stronger arguments that folks can make is, hey, look, you know, you already have part of this border that has a fence on it. So we've kind of already done some of it. Well, okay, let me paid for it.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“a third string level of folks around him. And so you can see that even though it looks like, okay, he may be getting some political mileage out of quote-unquote keeping his promises, it's being done in a very amateurish way, very sloppy.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“For him, the positive case would be that to his base, it looks like he's fulfilling promises. But I think the larger impression that folks are getting is one of an incompetent administration. So that's one thing, very sloppy, this so-called Muslim ban or de facto Muslim ban was a perfect example of this. I said very publicly on issues that it doesn't matter whether you're super liberal or super conservative or somewhere in between, you cannot just take an ideology and then dump that into policy implementation. You have to be able to operationalize policy. And what they did was that they just took an ideology, keep these people out, and they dumped that into the operational system of the Department of Homeland Security and everybody else. And it turned into a charitable mess.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“That's right. So that means in some places it was more than that. Again, these are folks who are working class. They're very responsible. We've made the FHA made adjustments that mean that it's responsible folks who are getting the default rate is at one of its lowest levels in decades. And it's unfortunate that they reversed that because it would have meant something good for these folks to be able to achieve the American dream who are hardworking and who are responsible.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I wasn't necessarily surprised, so we, in january of twenty fifteen, we lowered for the first time in the Obama administration. And oftentimes, folks who are buying a home for the first time, working class folks, middle class folks, because of the housing crisis, because FHA's finances had not been as strong as they needed to be, over several years from oh eight upward, that mortgage fee had been increased over and over. And we finally had gotten to a point where the fund, the mutual mortgage insurance fund, was stable and it was strong. And so we reduced it for the first time. And then we did it again in January of 2017. It would have meant a $500 savings to the average borrow FH insured borrow.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, and I think we all should work toward reducing intergenerational poverty. You want folks to be able to, you know, if they're on government assistance, eventually get off. But I do think that you can go overboard with that. And my hope is that they will strike the right balance there.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Well, I think they say of Detroit. Oh, no doubt that's a useful insight. A life experience is one of the things that I do think is useful So that is certainly something that I hope that he will rely upon that experience. My hope is that that'll be channeled in a positive way. In other words, I think that there's a risk that we scapegoat these folks. I have never believed that folks who live in public housing are lazy. I don't believe that just because somebody is poor, that they're lazy or that they don't want to work or that they can't achieve their dreams. I also don't believe that it's the case that government assistance necessarily breeds reliance on it”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Like everybody, I am hopeful because I think that traditionally whether you've had a Republican or a Democrat, most folks have gone in there and they've recognized the value of the programs that HUD administers and the tremendous impact they make in the lives of everyday Americans. At the same time, I do have some concerns, for instance, on fair housing. We did a groundbreaking new rule called affirmatively furthering fair housing essentially to try and make sure that that communities are more thoughtful about the landscape of opportunity and how they ensure that everyone has opportunity and also work to desegregate And I think it's an open question how that's going to be approached.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Definitely. There was a landing team on our end, the Obama administration was very well prepared. Prepared papers, prepared briefings, and they did go through that.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, it was not detailed. He did not ask and we did not go into any of Hud's programs or policies Of course, I offered, we offered after that to meet with him if he wanted to. I think that most of the nominees on Trump's team had their own process to get ready for confirmation hearings. And so that did not happen.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“We had one conversation just before the holidays over the phone and four or five minutes. It was fairly high level, very pleasant. But at the time,”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“No, that's true. And, you know, as a former mayor, I would say that you always have to go to where your strengths are. And so it's not realistic to expect that every community is going to be steeped in high tech and or that they're going to get automotive manufacturing or something to completely replace what they've had. But you have to figure out based on your assets and how that looks going into the future. Okay, well, what can you build on? And I think that if mayors and governors out there can do anything, it's to get deeply into that kind of asset mapping process and figure out. Lands, concrete plans to build on those assets. Some have been better at others, I think, at doing that.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“So Trump was a much better messenger and he got the opening there and what folks wanted to hear. But Clinton was much more thoughtful about what we could do. You hit the nail on the head with one of them, which is that it's not just this issue of trade. It's really an issue about automation and that there are millions of jobs that go unfilled right now because of the skills gap. And so what are we going to be doing? And how are we tailoring our entire education system to train folks to be able to take on these jobs that go unfilled? And the Democratic Party has to take all of that and make it give it a powerful message that reflects the experience that people are going through.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“That's right. Well, number one is that I think among the many things that are disappointing about the result of the election is that, you know, if you looked at what Hillary was actually proposing to do, She had her act together on how to address these issues much more than Donald Trump ever did.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, I think that he spoke to folks in a way that was appealing, even though it wasn't always given its due during the campaign. I think most, many folks, I'll include myself in this didn't see the impact that it was having. I can understand why folks would be attracted to that message as much economic progress as we've made in the nation. You still do have. Very significant challenges you think about the fact that a lot of these towns have suffered from job losses, factories closing down. I remember going to Ohio during the campaign and hearing about a factory that had just closed like six months before and you could feel in the little meeting that we had this sense of, okay, well, what are y'all going to do about it? So I understand it.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“But sure. And I believe that one of the challenges for the Democratic Party over the next two to four years and beyond is to get out to those places. Because on the issues and what the Democratic Party stands for, there's really, there shouldn't be much daylight between us and the folks who live out there. And there was a time, Texas is a good example, that there was a connection, not only because of the traditional leanings of the South, but also on labor issues. On the need to invest in smaller communities. So traveling”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I mean, if you either think, given that we know what the results were, sure. I think that if they could replay that, that they themselves would say this should have spent a little bit more time in smaller towns in Wisconsin. Maybe up there in Duffy's district. That's right. And Pennsylvania, even though I know in Pennsylvania, I think that was a little bit different because they had that pretty well covered.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“and show them that in fact Hud does have something to do with them. And so, you know, I tried to keep that in mind and we made some of those trips and one of the most poignant trips I made was to Pine Ridge in South Dakota, the Indian Reservation, and saw how many people were living in a four-bedroom house, 17 or 18 people, including two families that were living in the basement. That department that Ben Carson now is in charge of does make a big difference in places big and small.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“For sure. I remember, in fact, that one of the folks who called me Right after I was announced as a nominee for Hud was Bill Clinton, and President Clinton, the very first piece of advice that he gave me, we talked for about forty-five minutes, was go to places where they don't expect that HUD has anything for them, that HUD has anything to do with them.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, we have in the nation about three thousand three hundred, maybe a little bit more than that now, but let's say about 3,300 housing authorities. And the majority of them, the vast majority of them, are smaller housing authorities, many of them in small towns. So this idea that, and I often said that HUD is only those big cities, I often said that you could really call it the Department of Housing and Community Development”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Well, on homelessness, on CDBG, every state gets CDBG that mostly goes when it goes to the state, capital and mostly goes to smaller areas.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Pushback is that we can go through just an example of example of investments that HUD makes in rural America and smaller towns. One of the places I visited was in rural Wisconsin with Sean Duffy, the congressman from Wisconsin, to talk about the investments that HUD was making in that area and what else we could do. And what kind of investments were there?”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, yeah, that's probably a better way to put it. HUD could do a lot more than it is doing now. If it had the resources, right now HUD only serves one out of every four Americans that qualify for its programs. In 1981, when Ronald Reagan walked in the door, HUD had something like 16,000 employees. Today it has less than 8,000. So this idea that everything in the federal government, now I know that there are parts of it that have grown significantly, but that everything has grown. That's not true. If you indexed community development block grants, for instance, CDBG from their level in 1978, 1980, they would be several times higher than the $3 billion outlay that you get today. So I inherited a department that while still doing tremendous work really is not resourced at the level to meet the needs out there in the country.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“No doubt, no doubt. In fact, some of the most enjoyable moments for me really were the ones on the road where I actually got to go to the housing development or go do the point in time count where we talk to folks who are homeless and try and make sure that we have an accurate count so we can serve them. The experiential part of it. The other challenge is, of course, it's Washington DC. And so you're in an ecosystem where you're at the mercy of a lot of moving parts and most especially the Congress.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“The challenges were, number one, there's something special about being mayor of a city that you kind of feel like you have the wind at your back and people on both sides of the aisle because there's an esprit decor about the city, the community. You won jobs investment. Yeah, you know, I mean, you want the trash to be picked up well. Plus you can.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Overall it was a tremendous experience. I would definitely do it again. The thing that I got out of HUD was this deep sense of the big difference that those programs make in the lives of people who are just trying to get a fair shot and oftentimes people misperceive them, folks who live in public housing or assisted housing. Americans like everyone else in small towns and big cities that are striving and the boost that HUD's programs give them make it more likely that they're going to be able to The other part was that I got to visit a hundred different communities in thirty nine states, so I got to see a lot more than I ever did as mayor. I got to see the country and the neat things that cities and towns are doing out there. Sometimes the folks that are doing things the wrong way I learned a lot more about our nation.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, he was specifically talking about that. And I had had these two passions as mayor in improving educational achievement and revitalizing the certain communities, neighborhoods, and HUD dealt with one of those passions, whereas transportation did not.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Well, they were never specific about the role, but that was probably, I would imagine what it was. I turned it down because it just didn't feel like the right time. I sat down with the president. The day after his second inauguration, and we discussed it. But it just wasn't the right time for me. We had just passed pre-K for SA. I felt like I had a lot of good things happening in San Antonio. And when I got into politics, leading that city was really what I wanted to do. That's what I had looked forward to. And so I felt like things were going great. And that moment wasn't the right moment. When he called, I guess about 15 months later, I just felt like I was in a different place. He taught you about hunger.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Also beautiful, definitely a great team. But that was a good example their AT&T Center had been built out on the east side, but not really connected to anything, and it was built away from the Alamo Dome outside of the downtown area. And so there was not the connectivity, the momentum, the housing, the transit. And we wanted to focus on all of that to create greater prosperity for folks across the community.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, that was the other passion that I had. I had grown up in the city. I had seen there are a lot of areas of the city that had been neglected, particularly the east side of San Antonio, which was traditionally African American part of the city. And then now is African American, Hispanic, and white. It really is a diverse place. But still underinvested in. And then downtown. 80 miles up the road, Austin had had this renaissance in the downtown area and San Antonio, even though it has the river walk, which is beautiful, had not had the same success. Spurs.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“It's a very big year this year because the first cohort of pre K for SA students is going to take their third grade tests. So actually this is being measured. We will look at the outcomes, but all of the research, in fact, the groundbreaking research on this was, I think, done in Chicago years and years ago that showed that it does have a significant impact.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Well, number one, I think that it's given folks confidence that we're on a better trajectory in terms of creating the kids.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“We raise the sales tax and by an eighth of a cent and we made it happen. The voters passed it with 53%. Some folks were worried because they thought this is Texas. It may not pass, but I thought that it was important to make that investment because, as I've often said, I believe that brain power is the new currency of success in the twenty first century, and San Antonio has lagged behind, tremendously behind over the years.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, it's hard to avoid. I feed a lot of chicken Well, the things that I'm proudest of or first that we had a ballot initiative in San Antonio to successfully, I mean, to expand high quality pre-K in the city because there was a gap of young people who were not getting pre-K. And we took it to the ballot.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Serving people, you don't measure the success by how loud the applause is or how many dinners you get invited to or how much the press loves you and all that stuff.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“For sure. And I think growing up with my mother and what she had done, I had a sense that I knew that I could not be happy just working at the law firm and just billing those hours on stuff that I fundamentally did not care one way or the other about. And so getting into public service in a way was at the beginning a compromise with myself to feel like I was doing something for other people as well to make a difference. The other thing is, David, as you know, you've been around a lot of politicians. I mean, people were lying if they say that there's no ego involved. Yes. I think just about every politician has some amount of ego you want a little bit of the glory of, yeah. I mean, so, yeah, of course, that is a part of it. But I think the best people in public service, it's a lot more of, okay, why are you in it? You're in it to serve people and you measure your success by how well you're.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, you know, by the time I got to law school, I thought that I would probably go back and get into politics. And I think people are generally all right with that as long as you're straightforward with folks about your vision and why you're running and also there's an element.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, I was trying to become the youngest elected mayor. There had been a guy at the age of 28, I think, in the 1800s that had been appointed mayor. But I was trying to, I was trying to become the youngest elected mayor, and there was a guy that I was running against who was 70 and trying to become the second oldest elected mayor. And we went into a runoff, and he won in a very close runoff. And he actually turned out to be a good mayor for the city.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“and maintain my integrity, or I was going to keep making the money that was very good at that law firm And I was only 27 years old, I think, at the time, but I had just gotten, bought a house, and I had a car. And eventually, you know, we started our own little law firm and so forth. But my house almost went into foreclosure. Little by little I climbed out of that, but I still think about that time and that it was worth it.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Big into democratic politics over the years. I was there a little over a year and a half and then I left because there was an issue where one of the clients had an interest before the city council and they wanted to develop this golf course over the aquifer recharge zone. So San Antonio relies for its drinking water on an underground aquifer. They went to put a golf course on the area where that recharges. And I wanted to vote against it. But I couldn't do that. They were a client of the firm. And so one day in January of 2002, I just walked into one of the partner's offices and told him that I was quitting. And I enjoyed my time at the firm and so forth. But for me, that was a very important moment because it was a decision about whether I was going to be honest with myself in public service.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“No, you know, we were there in the San Antonio office, and it had been a Dallas-based firm, but by the time we got there, it was really the power base was in Washington, D.C. But he and Vernon Jordan This group of folks who have just been very”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And so I understand people often write about this or they talk about this and they act like Joaquin and I if you're not fluent in Spanish that you speak zero I speak some Spanish and I understand it decently. I'm just not fluent at it. So I can get by. I'm just not fluent at it. But when I went through the vice presidential process, every other article or maybe 80% of them had that in there”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, that does come up a lot. Yeah, so when we were growing up, my grandmother spoke Spanish, and my mom speaks Spanish decently, but mostly around the house, you know, they spoke English and my grandmother would watch her tele novellas on Univicion or Tele Mundo. So I grew up hearing Spanish, some Spanish, but I think my mother had also come from a generation where she was slapped on the wrist with a ruler and her classmates were if they heard you speaking Spanish. So she came from a generation that wanted to make sure that her children learned English too. And I think that that just became the dominant language that we spoke.”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“President Obama. That's right. President Obama said when he spoke at the foot of the Edmund Pettis Bridge at Selma to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of Bloody Sunday, you can't deny that we've made a lot of progress. But folks also can't deny that we still have a lot to go. And so I do think that there's a place for making sure that folks who have to overcome these legacy challenges That they get opportunity”
2017-03-27 · The Axe Files with David Axelrod · Ep. 133 - Julián Castro · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source