YouSaid · the spoken record

Leonard Susskind

lines on the record: 70
first: 2019-09-26
most recent: 2019-09-26
sittings or episodes: 1
sources: podcast

Every line below is reproduced as it was said and linked to the record it came from. Nothing here is summarised or generated. Directory · Search · Corrections

“I don't know if it's answerable. The questions have to be answerable to be real. Some philosophers would say that a question is not a question unless it's answerable. Question doesn't seem to me answerable by any known method. But it seems to me real.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah. There is an intelligence out there that's underlies the whole thing? You can call them with a G word if you want. I can say, are we a computer simulation with a purpose? Is there an agent, an intelligent agent that underlies or is responsible for the whole thing? Does that intelligent agent satisfy the laws of physics? Does it satisfy the laws of quantum mechanics? Is it made of atoms and molecules? Yeah, there's a lot of questions. And I don't see, it seems to me a real question.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Against each other. This is a form of evolution These machines evolved. They evolved in intelligence. Evolved in intelligence without anybody telling them how to do it. They were not engineered. They just played against each other and got better and better and better Makes me think that machines can evolve. Intelligence What exact kind of intelligence? I don't know, but in understanding that better and better, maybe we'll get better clues as to what goes on in our own intelligence.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Perhaps with the help, perhaps at some point. But I think physicists will try to simplify it down to something that they can use their methods and maybe they're not appropriate. Maybe we simply need to do more machine learning on bigger scales, evolve machines, machines not only that learn but evolve their own architecture as a process of learning, evolve an architecture, not under our control, only partially under our control, but under the control of a machine learning. I'll tell you another thing that I find awesome. You know, this Google thing that they taught computers how to play chess? They taught computers how to play chess, not by teaching them how to play chess, but just having them play against each other.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I think it's somewhat within the reach of science, but I think now I think it's in the hands of the computer scientists and the neuroscientists.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Direct observation. Einstein's theory of gravity at the level of black hole collisions actually works. Awesome. It is really awesome. You know, I know some of the people who are involved in that. They're just ordinary people. And the idea that they could carry this out, I'm shocked.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“30, 40 years ago. And I think it's a magnificent structure, magnificent thing, this evolution of general relativity. LIGO, high precision, ability to measure things on a scale of 10 to the minus 21.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“It's an incredible triumph of science in itself, the fact that there are black holes which collide is not a surprise. And they seem to work exactly the way they're supposed to work. Will we learn a great deal from it? I don't know. We might. But the kind of things we'll learn won't really be about black holes. Why there are black holes in nature of that particular mass scale and why they're so common may tell us something about the structure, evolution of structure in the universe. I don't think it's going to tell us anything new about black holes. It's a triumph in the sense that you go back a hundred years and it was a continuous development, general relativity, the discovery of black holes, LIGO, the incredible technology that went into LIGO. It is something. That I never would have believed.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, now this is a very good question. Does physics have any, does infinity have any place in physics? All I can say is very good question.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I just finished this discussion with my friend Sergei Brin. How do you think about infinity? I say, well, Sergei Brin is infinitely rich.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Why do we want a beginning? Practiced as a beginning, of course. In practice, there was a beginning. But could it have been a random fluctuation in an otherwise infinite time? Maybe. Any case, the eternal inflation theory, I think correctly understood, would be infinite in both directions”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Not everybody would agree with me, but I don't understand they would agree with me. They definitely would agree with me that I don't understand it.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“They differ by the sign of a single constant called the cosmological constant. One of them Is negatively curved, the other is positively curved. Anti decidter space, which is the negatively curved one you can think of as an isolated system in a box with reflecting walls. You could think of it as a system of quantum mechanical system isolated in an isolated environment. The sitter space is the one we really live in, and that's the one that's exponentially expanding, exponential expansion, dark energy, whatever we want to call it, and we don't understand that mathematically.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Could we build in the laboratory a small version? Quantum mechanical version, the collection of quantum computers entangled and coupled together, which would reproduce the phenomena that go on. In the universe, even on a small scale. Yes, if it were anti-decidter space, no, if it's the sitter space.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Okay, so There are mathematical universes. That we know about one of them is called anti-de Sitter space, where we And it's quantum mechanics. I think we could simulate it in a computer, in a quantum computer. Classical computer, all you can do is solve its equations. You can't make it work like the real system. If we could build a quantum computer, a big enough one, a robust enough one, we could probably simulate a universe, a small version of an antideriver universe. Antidic is a kind of cosmology. So, I think we know how to do that. The trouble is the universe that we live in is not the anti-decider geometry. It's the desidter geometry. And we don't really understand its quantum mechanics at all. So at the present time, I would say we wouldn't have the vaguest idea how to simulate a universe similar to our own.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Okay, that is a fact, and you can probably do it with two billiard balls, maybe with three billion balls if you're really lucky. But what happens is as the system gets more and more complicated, you have to be more and more precise not to make the tiniest error because the tiniest errors will get magnified. And you'll simply not be able to do the reversal. So, yeah, but I wouldn't call that time travel.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Running the program backward. If you have two baseballs colliding, well, you can do it, but you have to be very, very careful to get it just right. If you have 10 baseballs, really, really better yet. Ten billiard balls on an idealized frictionless billiard table. So you start the balls all on a triangle, right? You Depending on the game you're playing, you the whack-amo, you're really careful, but you whack-m. And they go flying off in all possible directions. Try to reverse that. Try to reverse that. Imagine trying to take every billiard ball, stopping it dead at some point, and reversing its motion so that it was going in the opposite direction. If you did that with tremendous care, it would reassemble itself back into the triangle.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I wouldn't call that time travel because it gets too mixed up with what science fiction calls time travel. This is just the ability to reverse a system. You take the system and you reverse the direction of motion of every molecule in it. You can do it with one molecule. If you find a particle moving in a certain direction, let's not say a particle, a baseball. You stop it dead, and then you simply reverse its motion. In principle, that's not too hard. And it'll go back along its trajectory in the backward direction.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“No, no, no, no. What is time travel? Time travel to the future? That's easy. Just close your eyes, go to sleep, and you wake up in the future.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“You couldn't break it, but it's hard. It requires great care. The bigger the system is, the more care, the more the harder it is. Have to overcome what's called chaos. And that's hard, and it requires more and more precision. For 10 particles, you might be able to do it with some effort. For 100 particles, it's really hard. For a thousand or a million particles, forget it, but not for any fundamental reason, just because it's technologically too hard to make the system go backward.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“What I'm saying is, you can do it a little bit better than a small scale. You can certainly do it with a simple, small system. Small systems don't have any sense of the arrow of time. Atoms. Atoms are No sense of an arrow of time. They're completely reversible. It's only when you have, you know, the second law of thermodynamics is the law of large numbers.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“No, I didn't say time travel was possible. I said you can make a system go backwards. You can make it reverse its steps. You can make it reverse its trajectory.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“What I think you can do is in a laboratory setting, you can take a system which is somewhere intermediate between being small and being large. And make it go backward. A thing which looks like it only wants to go forward because of statistical, mechanical reasons, because of the second law, you can very, very carefully manipulate it to make it run backward. I don't think you can take an egg humpty-dumpty who fell on the floor and Reverse that, but you can, in a very controlled situation, you can take systems which appear to be evolving statistically toward randomness, stop them, reverse them and make them go back.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Most microscopic phenomena know. It's only when the phenomena involves systems which are big enough for thermodynamics to become important, for entropy to become important. For a small system, entropy is not a good concept. Entropy is something which emerges out of large numbers. It's a probabilistic idea, it's a statistical idea, and it's a thermodynamic idea. Thermodynamics requires lots and lots and lots of little substructures. So it's not until you emerge. At the thermodynamic level, that there's an arrow of time. Do we understand it? Yeah, I think we understand better than most people think they are. Most people say they think we understand it. Yeah, I think we understand it. It's a statistical idea.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“My friends, we all ask the same question that you just ask. Space, we have a pretty good idea is emergent and it emerges out of entanglement and other things. Time always seems to be built into our equations as just what Newton pretty much would have thought. Newton modified a little bit by Einstein would have called time. And mostly in our equations, it is not emergent. Time in physics is completely symmetric forward and backward.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“That is a big question in physics right now. All the physics that we do Or at least that the people that I am comfortable with talking to. My friends”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yes, absolutely, for sure. We're entangled with quantum mechanically entangled with everything in this room. If we weren't, then we wouldn't be observing it. But on the other hand, you can ask do I really Am I really comfortable with it? And I'm uncomfortable with it in the same way that I can never get comfortable with five dimensions. My brain isn't wired for it.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I understand it at a technical level. An observer is a system with enough degrees of freedom that it can record information and which can become entangled with the thing that it's measuring. Entanglement is the key. A system which we call an apparatus or an observer, same thing. Interacts with the system that it's observing, it doesn't just look at it, it becomes physically entangled with it. And it's that entanglement which we call an observation or a measurement. Now, does that satisfy me personally as an observer? And no, I find it very satisfying that we have a mathematical representation of what it means to observe a system.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Here, I think is where you have to be humble. Here's where humility comes. I don't think anybody should say anything is the bottom of the well at this time. I think we can reasonably say. I can reasonably say when I look into the well, I can't see past quantum mechanics. I don't see any reason for there to be anything beyond quantum mechanics. I think Atuf has asked very interesting and deep questions I don't like his answers.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Wave function and the not just the wave function, but the whole mechan, the whole thing that goes with quantum mechanics, uncertainty, entanglement, all these things are emergent.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“That's hard to say his name. No, it's easy to spell his name apostrophe. He's the only person I know whose name begins with an apostrophe. And he's one of my heroes in physics. He's a little younger than me, but he's nevertheless one of my heroes. Tuft believes that there is some substructure to the world. Which is classical in character, deterministic in character, which somehow, by some mechanism that he has a hard time spelling out, emerges as quantum mechanics.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Perhaps something deterministic. My friend Ituft, whose name you may know, he's a very famous physicist, Dutch, not as famous as he should be, but”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I think string theory is just an example of a quantum mechanical system that contains both gravitation and quantum mechanics. So, is there something underlying quantum mechanics?”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“But he would certainly be struck by it I think that may be at this time its biggest contribution to physics in illustrating almost definitively that quantum mechanics and gravity are very closely related and not inconsistent with each other.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Now nobody questions that consistency anymore. They don't because we have mathematically precise string theories which contain both gravity and quantum mechanics in a consistent way. So it's provided that... That certainty that quantum mechanics and gravity can coexist. That's not a small thing. That's a very huge thing. It's a huge thing”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“The objects of gravitation are 19 orders of magnitude smaller than a proton. But the same mathematics turned up. The same mathematics turned up. What has been its value? Its value is that it's mathematically rigorous in many ways and enabled us to. Find mathematical structures which have both quantum mechanics and gravity with rigor. We can test out ideas. We can test out ideas. We can't test them in the laboratory, the 19 orders of magnitude too small, the things that we're interested in, but we can test them out mathematically and analyze their internal consistency. 40 years ago, 35 years ago, or so forth, people very, very much questioned the consistency between gravity and quantum mechanics. Stephen Hawking was very famous for it. Rightly so.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I believe it is useful. I'll tell you what the main use of it has been up till now. Well, it has had a number of main uses. Originally, string theory was invented, and I know I was there. At the spot where it was being invented, literally, and it was being invented to understand hadrons. Hadrons are subnuclear particles. Protons, neutrons, mesons. At that time, the late 60s, early 70s, it was clear from experiment that these particles call hadrons could vibrate, could rotate, could do all the things that a little closed string can do. And it was and is a valid and correct theory of these hadrons. It's been expressly tested. And that is a done deal. Had a second life as a theory of gravity, the same basic mathematics except on a very, very much smaller distance scale.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I don't like thinking of string theory as a subject unto itself. With people called string theorists who are the practitioners of this thing called string theory, I much prefer to think of them as theoretical physicists trying to answer deep fundamental questions about nature, in particular gravity, in particular gravity and its connection with quantum mechanics, and who at the present time find string theory a useful tool. Rather than saying there's a subject called string theorists, I don't like being referred to as a string theorist.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I don't think the dream of strength theory is any different than the dream of fundamental theoretical physics altogether.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Sometimes a day, sometimes 20 years, there are things which I thought We were very far from understanding, which practically in a snap of the fingers or a blink of the eye. Became understood completely surprising to me. There are other things which I looked at and I said we're not going to understand these things for 500 years, in particular quantum gravity. The scale for that was 20 years, 25 years. And we understand a lot and we don't understand it completely now by any means, but I thought it was 500 years to make any progress. It turned out to be very, very far from that. It turned out to be more like 20 or 25 years from the time when I thought it was 500 years.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And I can tell you they are super smart. They don't seem to be so arrogant about their physics backgrounds that they think they can do things that nobody else can do. But the physics way of thinking, I think, will add great value to or will bring value to the machine learning. I believe it will. And I think it already has.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Not all that much difference between the structure of mathematics, physically yes, but in the structure of the mathematics between a tensor network designed to describe a quantum system on the one hand and the kind of networks that are used in machine learning. So more and more, I think young physicists are being drawn to this field of machine learning. some very, very good ones. I work with a number of very good ones, not on machine learning, but on having lunch.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Nobody really seems to understand why it is capable of doing the kind of generalizations that it does and so forth. And there are three groups of people who have thought about this. They're the engineers. The engineers are incredibly smart, but they tend not to think as hard about why the thing is working as much as they do how to use it, obviously. They provided a lot of data. And it is they who demonstrated that machine learning can work much better than you had any right to expect. The machine learning systems are systems, that the system's not too different in the kind of systems that physicists study.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I wish I knew, but there's a particular reason why I wish I knew. I have a second job. I consult for Google. Not for Google, for Google X. I am the senior academic advisor to a group of machine learning physicists. Now that sounds crazy because I know nothing about the subject. Know very little about the subject. On the other hand, I'm good at giving advice. I give them advice on things. Anyway, I see these young physicists who are approaching the machine learning problem. There is a real machine learning problem, namely why does it work as well as it does?”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Which we, in other contexts, we learned about and we're very familiar with. So yeah, I mean, yes, we do take complicated things, make them simple. But what we don't want to do is take things which are intrinsically complicated and fool ourselves into thinking that we can make them simple. Don't want to make, I don't know who said this, but we don't want to make them simpler than they really are. Is the brain a thing which ultimately functions by some simple rules which Or is it just complicated?”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Course, physics always begins by trying to find the simplest version of something and analyze it. Yeah, I mean, there are lots of examples where physics has In very complicated systems, analyzed them, and found simplicity in them for sure. I said superconductors before. It's an obvious one. A superconductor seems like a monstrously complicated thing with all sorts of crazy electrical properties, magnetic properties, and so forth. And when it finally is boiled down to its simplest elements, it's a very simple quantum mechanical phenomenon called spontaneous symmetry breaking.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And partly engineered, partly evolved, maybe evolved by machine learning and so forth, this machine learning is very interesting. By machine learning, we will evolve systems and we may start to discover mechanisms that have implications for how we think and for what does consciousness thing is all about We'll be able to do experiments on them and perhaps answer questions. That we can't possibly answer by introspection.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Doesn't seem to be the way my brain works. My brain seems to work if I put my finger up vertically if I put it horizontally or if I put it this way or that way. It seems to me it's the same circuits that are, it's not the way it works. The way the brain is compartmentalized seems to be very, very different than what I would have imagined if I were just doing psychological introspection about how things work. My conclusion is that we won't get it right that way. That how will we get it right? Think maybe computer scientists will get it right eventually. I don't think anywhere's near it. I don't even think they're thinking about it. But eventually we will build machines perhaps which are complicated enough.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Here is what I think. And my thoughts are not worth much. If you ask Mammy about this, I'm not sure my thoughts are worth anything. But as I said earlier, I think when we do introspection, when we imagine doing introspection and try to figure out what it is when we do when we're thinking, I think we get it wrong. I'm pretty sure we get it wrong. Everything I've heard about the way the brain functions is so counterintuitive. For example, you have neurons which detect vertical lines, you have different neurons which detect lines at forty five degrees, you have different neurons. I never imagined that there were whole circuits which were devoted to vertical lines in my brain.”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“All systems are information processing systems. Poke them, they change a little bit, they evolve, all systems are information process”
2019-09-26 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory, and Black Holes · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source