YouSaid · the spoken record

Paola Arlotta

lines on the record: 69
first: 2019-08-12
most recent: 2019-08-12
sittings or episodes: 1
sources: podcast

Every line below is reproduced as it was said and linked to the record it came from. Nothing here is summarised or generated. Directory · Search · Corrections

“Thousands of years of adapting to this, the brain is plastic, so adapts to new technologies. So you could do it from the outside by simply hijacking some sensory capacities that we have. So clearly over recent evolution, the cerebral cortex has been a part of the brain that has known the most evolution. So we have put a lot of chips on evolving this specific part of the brain and the evolution of cortex is plasticity. It's this ability to change in response to things. So yes, they will integrate, that we want it or not.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Even if he's not a merge of the kind of, oh, let's have a synthetic element together with a biological one, the very space around us, the fact, for example, think about we put on some goggles of virtual reality and we physically are surfing the ocean, right? Done it and you have all these emotions that come to you. Your brain placed you in that reality. And it was able to do it like that just by putting the goggles on. It didn't take”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Very big, the brain attunes to your environment. So the brain will attune to the technologies that we will have and will be shaped by it.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, I think in a way. That will happen, Rye, it's almost like a part of the way we evolve. We evolve in the world that we created, that we interact with, that shape us as we grow up and so on and so forth. Sometimes I think about something that may sound silly, but think about the use of cell phones. Part of me thinks that somehow in their brain there will be a region of the cortex that is attuned to that tool. And this comes from a lot of studies in model organisms where really the cortex especially adapts to the kind of things you have to do. We need to move our fingers in a very specific way, we have a part of our cortex that allows us to do this kind of very precise movement. And Owl that has to see very, very far away with big eyes, the visual cortex.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“On their behavior, or maybe I can justify it scientifically in some sort of way. I also look at humanity in general and I am amazed by what we can do and the kind of ideas that we can come up with. And I cannot stop thinking about how the brain is continuing to evolve. I don't know if you do this, but I think about the next brain sometimes. Where are we going with this? Like what are the features of this brain that, you know, evolution is really playing with to get us, you know, in the future the new brain. It's not over, right? It's a work in progress.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, that's a very good question. It's almost impossible to dissociate sometime for me. Working in a certain way, or thinking about a teenager, you know, going through teenage years and being at time funny in the way they think and impossible for me not to think, it's because they're going through this period of time called critical periods of plasticity where their synapses are being eliminated here and there and they're just confused. And so from that comes perhaps a different take.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Instead of La Scala in Milan. And so you are born superficially with the same brain. It has the same cell types, similar patterns of connectivity, but the properties of the cells and how the cells will then react to the environment as you experience your word will be also shaped by who genetically you are. Speaking just as a parent, this is not something that comes from my work. I think you can tell a birth that these kids are different, that they have a different personality in a way, right? So both is needed. The genetics as well as the nurturing afterwards.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Well, so let me clarify that. So, the genetics you have, the genes that you have that play that beautiful orchestrated symphony of development, different genes will play slightly differently. It's like playing the same piece of music, but with the different orchestra and a different director, right? The music will not come out. It will be still a piece by the same author, but it will come out differently if it's played by the high school orchestra instead of the...”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Well, they are genetically different. Even they came from the same two parents because the mixing of gametes, we know these genetics creates every time a genetically different individual which will have a specific mix of genes that is a different mix every time from the two parents. And so they're not twins. They are genetically different. Even just that.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“More than I could ever learn in lab. What have I learned I've learned that children really have this amazing plastic minds, right? That we have a responsibility to foster their growth in good, healthy ways that keep them curious, that keeps them adventures, that doesn't raise them in fear of things But also respecting who they are, which is in part coming from the genetics we talked about. My children are very different from each other, despite the fact that they're the product of the same two parents. I also learned that what you do for them comes back to you. Like, you know, if you're a good parent, you're going to most of the time have, you know, perhaps decent kids at the end.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“To this. And so the way the systems are described, I mean, we and journalists alike need to be a bit careful that this debate is a real debate and informed by real data. That's all I'm asking.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Data needs to have a voice because, and not only data, we should also be good at communicating with non-scientists the data. So there has been oftentimes there is a lot of discussion and excitement and fights about certain topics just because of the way they are described. I'll give you an example. If I call the same cellular system we just talked about a brain organoid, or if I called it a human mini brain, your reaction is going to be very different.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“This is a very good question. It's very, very important. I see a very central role for scientists to inform decisions about what we should or should not do in society. And this is because the decision the first-hand look and understanding of really the work that they are doing. And again, this varies depending on what we're talking about here. So now we're talking about brain organoids. I think that the scientists need to be part of that conversation about what will be allowed in the future or not allowed in the future to do with the system. I think that is very, very important because they bring reality of data to the conversation. And so they should have a voice.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah. So it's exactly perhaps what you alluded at with your question, that you are making enabling some process of formation of the brain that could be misused at some point or that could be showing properties that ethically we don't want to see in a tissue. So today this is not an issue. And so you just gain dramatically from the science without, because the system is so simple and so different in a way from the actual brain. But because it is the brain, we have an obligation to really consider all of this, right? And again, it's a balanced conversation where we should put disease and betterment of humanity also on that plate.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And make an organoid for a simple and different from the human brain, it still is his process of brain development with his or her genetics. And we could understand perhaps what is going wrong. Perhaps we could use as a platform, as a cellular platform, to screen for drugs to fix a process.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Now, I also think, though, that as a scientist, I have a moral responsibility. So if you think about how transformative it could be for understanding and curing a neuropsychiatric disease to be able to actually watch and study and treat with drugs the very brain of the patient that you are trying to study. How transformative at this moment in time this could be. We couldn't do it five years ago. We could do it now, right? Taking”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Absolutely, we must think about that. Every discussion about the ethics of this needs to be based on actual data from the models that we have today and from the ones that we will have tomorrow. So it's a continuous conversation. It's not something that you decide now. Today, there is no issue, really. Very simple models that clearly can help you in many ways without much think about. Tomorrow we need to have another conversation and so on and so forth. And so the way we do this is to actually really bring together constantly a group of people that are not only scientists but also bioethicists, lawyers, philosophers, psychiatrists and so on, psychologists and so on and so forth to decide as a society really what we should and what we should not do. So that's the way to think about the edge.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Because where you're going with this is also, you know, we can talk about science fiction and write that book, and we could today. But this work happens in a specific ethical framework that we don't decide just as scientists, but also as a society.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Really don't think we're so far from it makes me laugh really, it's really that far from building the human brain, but you're gonna be building something that is always a bad version of it, but that may have really powerful properties and might be able to respond to stimuli or be used in certain contexts. And this is why I really think that there is no other way to do this science but within the right ethical framework.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I think the field will progress, like I said, and that this system will be more and more complex in a way, right? But there are properties that emerge from the human brain that have to do with the mind, that may have to do with consciousness, may have to do with intelligence or whatever, that we really don't understand even how they can emerge from an actual real brain. And therefore, we cannot measure or study in an organoid. So I think that this field many, many years from now may lead to the building of better neural circuits, of that really are built out of understanding of how this process really works. And it's hard to predict how complex this really will be.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, first of all, that's not the goal for the majority of the serial scientists that work on this because you don't have to build the whole human brain to make this model useful for understanding how the brain develops or understanding disease. You don't have to build the whole thing.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“That we didn't have before. And so we're going to see something transformative that we didn't see at all in the prior thousand years.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“On solid science for what reality is and what is not. But it will go fast and it will be more and more powerful. We also have technology that allows us to basically study the properties of single cells across many, many millions of single cells, which we didn't have perhaps five years ago. So now with that, even an organoid that has millions of cells can be profiled in a way, looked at very, very high resolution, the single cell level to really understand what is going on. And you could do it in multiple stages of development and you can build your hypothesis and so on and so forth. So it's not going to be a thousand years. It's going to be a shorter amount of time. And I see this as sort of an exponential growth of this field enabled by these technologies.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Look at the brain, at the human brain. So, what are these technologies? There has been huge progress in stem cell biology. The moment someone figured out how to turn a skin cell into an embryonic stem cell, basically, and how that embryonic stem cell could begin a process of development again, for example, make a brain, there was a huge and advance, and in fact there was a Nobel Prize for that. That started the field really of using stem cells to build organs. Now, we can build on all the knowledge of development that we build over the many, many, many years to say, how do we make this stem cells? Now make more and more complex aspects of development of the human brain. So this field is young, the field of brain organoids, but it's moving fast. And it's moving fast in a very serious way that is rooted in labs with the right ethical framework and really building”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“It's a very good question. And so, this is just, of course, my opinion. I think that we did not have technology. Even 10 years ago or certainly not 20 years ago, to even think about experimentally investigating the development of the human brain. So we've done a lot of work in science to study the brain of many other organisms. Now we have some technologies which I'll spell out that allow us to actually look at the real thing.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Thousand years from now, it's a long time from now. So if this planet is still gonna be here a thousand years from now. So, I mean, if”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Levels here and we can study the cells at the molecular level, but also we can use the organoids to ask questions about the properties of the neurons, the functional properties, how they communicate with each other, how they respond to a stimulus, and so on and so forth. And we may get an abnormalities there, right?”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“How much Cause things can go wrong at multiple levels, right? You could have A cell that is born and built but then doesn't work properly or a cell that is not even born or a cell that doesn't interact with other cell differently and so on and so forth. So today we have technology that we did not have even five years ago that allows us to look for example at the molecular picture of a cell, of a single cell in a CO cells with high precision. And so that molecular information where you compare many, many single cells for the genes that they produce between a controlled individual and an individual with a neurodevelopmental disease, that may tell you what is different molecularly. Or you could see that some cells are not even made, for example, or that the process of maturation of the cells may be wrong. There are many different”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Now we have an experimental system that we can study in the lab and we can ask what are the cells affected? When during development things went wrong, what are the molecules among the many, many different molecules that control brain development? Which ones are the ones that really messed up here and we want perhaps to fix? And what is really the final product? Is it a less strong kind of circuit and brain? Is it a brain that lacks a cell type? Is it what is it? Because then we can think about treatment and care for these patients that is informed rather than just based on current diagnostics.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“If now the genetics of that stem cell that I used to make the organo, it came from a patient with a neurodevelopmental disease. Can I actually watch for the very first time what may have gone wrong years before in this kid when its own brain was being made? Think about that loop. In a way, it's a little tiny rudimentary window into the past. Into the time when their brain, in a kid that had this neurodevelopmental disease, was being made. And I think that's unbelievably powerful because today we have no idea of what cell types. We barely know what brain regions are affected in these diseases.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I can literally study all these incredible diversity of cell type, all these many, many different classes of cells, how are they made? How do they look like? What do they need to be made properly? And what goes wrong?”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yes, so neurons are able to. It sounds more simple than what it may sound to you. Neurons have molecular properties and structural properties that allow them to really communicate with other cells. And so if you put not one neuron, but if you put several neurons together, chances are that they will Form synapses with each other”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“The connectivity between neurons, this, in a way, is not surprising because scientists have been culturing neurons forever. And when you take a neuron, even a very young one, and you culture it, eventually finds another cell or another neuron to talk to, it will form a synapse.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Because of the interactions because you are making the cells and they have certain properties, including the ability to make neurotransmitters, which are the chemicals that are secreted to the synapses, including the ability of making these axons grow with their growth cones and so on and so forth. And then you have other cells around there that release chemicals or touch the neurons or interact with them in different ways to really foster this perfect process, in this case of synaptogenesis. And this does happen within organoids.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“The astrocytes are not neurons, so they're not nerve cells, but they play a very important roles. One important role is to support the neuron. But of course, they have much more active type of roles that are very important, for example, to make”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I agree with you We wouldn't be here talking if we didn't have a cerebral cortex. It's also, I like to think the part of the brain that really truly makes us human the most evolved in recent evolution. And so in the attempt to make the cerebral cortex and by figuring out a way to have these organoids continue to grow and develop for extended periods of time, much like it happens in the real embryo, months and months in culture, then you can see that many different types of neurons of the cortex appear and at some points also the astrocytes, so the glia cells of the cerebral cortex also”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yes. So you could grow. I told you that the brain has different parts. So the cerebral cortex is on top, the top part of the brain, but there is another region called the striatum that is below the cortex, and so on and so forth. All of these regions have different types of cells in the actual brain. And so scientists have been able to grow organoids that may mimic some aspects of development of these different regions of the brain. And so we are very interested in the cerebral cortex.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Or perhaps the seed of an apple. And so you can grow 50 to 100 of those inside one big bioreactors, which are these flasks where the media provides nutrients for the organoids. So, the problem is not to grow more or less of them. It's really to figure out how to grow them in a way that they are more and more reproducible, for example, organized to organize so they can be used to study a biological process. Because if you have too much variability, then you never know if what you see is just an exception or really the rule.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Work definitely, and it's money, definitely, but you can really grow Very high number of these organoids can go perhaps, I told you the maximum they become about five millimeters in diameter. So this is about the size of a tiny, tiny, you know, raisin.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“But it's very limited. And so as a result, the kind of product you get in the end is much more reductionist, it's much more simple than what you get in vivo. It mimics early events of development as of today. And it doesn't build very complex type of anatomy and structure does not as of today, which happens instead in vivo. And also the variability that you see One organ or to the next tends to be higher than when you compare an embryo to the next.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“The flip side of that. Yeah. So there is much more variability in building organoids than there is in building brain. It's really true that the majority of us, when we are born as babies, our brains look a lot like each other. This is the magic that the embryo does, where it builds a brain in the context of a body and there is very little variability there. There is disease, of course, but in general little variability. When you build an organoid, we don't have the full code for how this is done. And so in part, the organoid somewhat builds itself because there are some structures of the brain that the cells know how to make. And another part comes from the investigator, the scientist adding to the media factors that we know in the mouse, for example, would foster a certain step of development.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“With that genetics code in it, and you can ask, what is this genetic code doing to some aspects of development of the brain? And for the first time, you may come to solutions like what cells are involved in autism.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“About neurodevelopmental diseases, there are many, many different types. Think about autism spectrum disorders. There are also many different types of autism. So there you could take a stem cell, which really means either a sample of blood or a sample of skin from the patient, make a stem cell, and then with that stem cell, watch a process of formation of a brain organoid of that person.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“So we will never have access to that process. Ever. And therefore, this is our next best thing, like a bunch of stem cells that can be coaxed into starting a process of neural tube formation. Remember that tube that is made by the embryo leon. And from there, a lot of the cell types that are present within Within the brain, and you can Simply watch it and study, but you can also think about diseases where development of the brain does not proceed normally, right, properly.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“This is very, very important. So, the first thing I like to say, and please keep this in the video, the first thing I like to say is that an organoid, a brain organoid is not the same as a brain. Okay, it's a fundamental distinction. It's a system, a cellular system that one can develop in the culture dish, starting from stem cells, that will mimic some aspects of the development of the brain, but not all of it. They are very small, maximum, they become about four to five millimeters in diameters. They are much simpler than our brain, of course, but yet they are the only system where we can literally watch a process of human brain development unfold. And by watch, I mean study it. Remember when I told you that we can't understand everything about development in our own brain by studying a mouse? Well, we can study the actual process of development of the human brain because it all happens.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“We are born with a plastic brain. What that means is a brain that is able to change in response to stimuli. They can be sensory. So perhaps some of the most illuminating studies that were done were studies in which the sensory organs were not working, right? If you are born with eyes that don't work, then your very brain, that piece of the brain then normally would process vision, the visual cortex, develops postnatal, differently and it might be used to do something different. So that's the most extreme.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“The environment, so on. It's really both, right? If you think about it. So we are born with the brain as babies that has most of its Cells and most of structures and will take a few years to grow, to add more, to be better. But really, then we have this 20 years of interacting with the environment around us. And so what that brain that was so, you know, perfectly built or imperfectly built due to our genetic cues will then be used to incorporate the environment in its further maturation and development. And so your experiences do shape your brain. I mean, we know that, like if, you know, you and I may have had a different childhood or a different, we have been going to different schools, we have been learning different things, and our brain is a little bit different because of that we behave differently because of that. And so especially postnatal experience is extremely important.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“The timing, the chemistry of that little piece of axon perhaps is a dynamic process where the myelin can move. Now you see how many layers of variability you can add. And that's actually really good if you're trying to come up with a new function or a new capability or something unpredictable in a way.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“The brain less myelin may allow for more flexibility on what you do with your accents and therefore more complicated and unpredictable type of functions, which is also a bit mind-blowing.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And they have very interesting ways in which they put the smiling on their accents, you know, little piece here, then a long track with no smiling, another chunk there, and some don't have myeling at all. So now you have to explain where we are going with evolution. And if you think about it, perhaps as an electrical engineer. When I looked at it, I initially thought, and I'm a developmental neurobiology, I thought maybe this is what we see now, but if we give evolution another few million years, we'll see a lot of myeling on these neurons too. But I actually think now that that's instead the future.”
2019-08-12 · Lex Fridman Podcast · Paola Arlotta: Brain Development from Stem Cell to Organoid · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source