YouSaid · the spoken record
Sam Hinkie
- lines on the record
- 80
- first
- 2025-09-09
- most recent
- 2025-09-09
- sittings or episodes
- 1
- sources
- podcast
Every line below is reproduced as it was said and linked to the record it came from. Nothing here is summarised or generated. Directory · Search · Corrections
“Her towards the kind of vectors you want the company to go towards is going to be everything. So start investing in the quality of that relationship right now. It's never too late, but you better get going.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Pouring yourselves into people you care about so that they will call down the line when they don't have to do what you say at all, when they're their own people, but they still respect your opinion and think he might be able to help. Coach might be able to help me in this situation. Dad might be able to help me in this situation. I think that notion is critical. I tell founders this all the time. Sorry, you might be working for the CTO. The CTO might be the most valuable person here. She might be. And if you don't know that, better to get your head around it quick because she leaves. This all falls apart. Yes, you're the CEO. Yes, you're out talking to the venture folks. Yes, you're in the papers more. Let's be real careful about what this might mean for the company if your seven person engineering team, if the leader of that quits, your ability to influence her influence is the right word. You can't make her do anything. Your ability to sort of influence her.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Way I think about coaching is very much how I think about parenting. And I think translates in lots of other places that your ability to drive change is about the quality of your relationship, not your hierarchy. We used to talk about this with our kids when your kids are two years old, you're like, don't do this, do this. You're hopefully a benevolent dictator. But there's a bunch of rules. Don't touch the stove. Don't put that in your mouth. They have to listen. If they don't, their draconian consequences. Now, draw some line out in the future. 25. How much authority do you have over them? Not that much. You can guilt them into some things. Maybe if you're still supporting them in one way or another, there's some ramifications for their behavior. But most of your ability to influence them, which isn't that what we all want, is to be able to influence the people we care about, particularly for their own good, is about the quality of the relationship you've built up over time. I think about it that you're sort of.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“This goes well, and I hope he's going to be amazing, and you're not sure. There was a little bit of uncertainty. Think of it like a sort of a power vacuum, a little bit of uncertainty that lasted for about 45 seconds. And at the end of that, it was like a signal sent that there's a new way to do things and I have ideas about what those would look like quite forcefully said do it. Maybe that's for he's cute in hindsight because James has turned out to be an amazing player. But that combined with he bawled out his first game and the next night he went for like 45 that combined with amazing performance out of the gate was not hard to imagine. You were on a new trajectory.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“So, maybe this is a strange story, but it's one that comes to mind. When I was in Houston at the Rockets, we traded for James Harden and he was 22, almost maybe he's 23 years old. And we traded for him three days before the regular season. He came in. Our team had sort of been somewhat gutted to get him at the time. And so he came in and I went to the very first practice and he was sort of lacing his shoes up. And so were the other guys. And he had met everyone. He'd met them hours before. The coach like blows the whistle and was like, hey, you know, time to just go and everyone come down here. All the players get together and coach gives his little thing for a minute. Here's what we're going to do. Here's the first station we're going to, et cetera. And everybody goes to put their hands in. And James says, tuck your shirts in. And tucks his in. And 14 players tucked their shirt in. And from that moment forward, it was like the new alpha is here in a whole bunch of ways. And at the time, you're thinking, I hope we can back it up.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Might be confident you're in a deep snow environment. You might not be confident how long the hill is. So it's that one of the things I want to do is compound trust with a relatively small set of people over a long period of time. If that's what I want, then sort of my staying power in that lane, which I've sort of defined is much longer, where if what you want is to be at company A for two years and then company B for three years in a new title and company C in a new title, that might be fine too. Just make sure that's a match for what it is you're looking for. You may be far more interested in something that where the value accrues and duration because do you think these things actually compound over a long period of time and trying to understand that coming in and understand everyone's deeper motivations coming in, I think, determines the area under the curve, how long this thing is going to be interesting. Obviously, someone amazing will create real value for you on day one. It should create incredible value for you in the first month. But if they only stay.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Doing because we think it's the best we have right now and we're not at all convinced it's even an A. Please make it better, that kind of notion. So I think if you can send those signals out to people as you're trying to understand where they are, which is this weird balance between what could be and then a whole bunch of honesty about which is what is is exciting and what is is an amazing platform, but what could be is an order of magnitude more than what it is now. And we're only going to get there with unique ideas from people like you and the other people you will bring us.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“A lot of times you're trying to disclose a lot, you're trying to really be open about who you are and what you're after. I think amazing people are often drawn to be around other amazing people who have lots of intellectual humility about what they don't yet know can sort of have a sense of wonder about what's knowable out there. You're trying to be hyper open for what kind of environment you want, an old story that sort of comes to mind. I think lots of good organizations, like a great way to onboard someone, particularly someone high potential and hopefully almost all the people you're hiring are very high potential, is to write down a lot of what you do, write down a lot of your process, be true for investors like the best. It's like, hey, here's how we have guests and here's how we think about questions and here's how we think about reach and here's how we think about follow-up after the podcast. And it's all written down. And we say, you just got here today. We're so excited you're here. Plop, make it better. You got a month. Make it better. I need a report. I need a meeting. I need something where you criticize what we're doing.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“That overwhelm that. I'll give you one example. Sometimes I say this and it gets me in trouble, but I believe it. I think I care about the value of accruing more than almost anyone I know. I think getting in amazing people at the start in the middle, at the end, all the way through, having an ever raising bar that someone has to clear. It's not quite everything, but often it's close.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I'm a deep believer that people are a power law too, whether you're running a small company or whether you're running a big company, like your ability to attract the best in the world, I think is so incredible. Even right now, like one of the things I sort of watch the most closely sort of deal in politics at all, but when I watch the most closely is how welcoming are we to the best in the world to come here and do the thing as a country. I think that's terribly important is to be that place where it's obvious to people around the world that your bat signal, if you think you're amazing, like this is the place, the old sort of Stephen Covey line to get the highest platform to see how good you are. I very much want that to be here. So I think that's terribly important, not the least of which is the downstream impacts of all this. Awesome people bring you more awesome people. They compound over time. They sharpen your own thinking and they materially add to what it is you're trying to do. I've yet to find advantage.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“No way, I'm 95th. And then the scores would come back. And instead of being 60th and 85th, they would be 98th and 99.9th. You're among the very best in the world and can't believe it. You're worried someone else out there is better and you're underplaying your skills, not overplaying them, and you're constantly looking for new edges because you presume there just must be someone out there that's even better.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Humility about what they don't know. Always worried there's someone else out there looking harder, somebody smarter, somebody hungrier, someone trying to find an edge while you rest on your laurels. My favorite kinds of hires back then, often these people are wildly data oriented. We'd give them a bunch of sort of standardized tests as part of it. These tests are more like here's your abilities with HTML or here's your sort of understanding of SQL database structures at large and the kinds of people we often hired, Nili would have been one of these, we'd say like, oh, how do you think you did on that test? Oh, I got crushed. I got crushed. It is hard. Don't worry about it. Where do you think you would like score on that across the world? And they're like, I'm pretty good. So 60th percentile or something, not 75th. Okay. How about the other one? Oh, the other topic I'm much better at. So maybe that one I'm like 80th percentile.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“That were mispriced in basketball at the time, how to think about shot location data, how to think about defense at large. These were the kinds of things that even back then that were wildly misunderstood. One obvious example is if you get an open three on the wing and no one's within 10 feet of you and you make it, well, fine, we should give you some credit, but it's not that hard a shot. You're pretty open. We should probably give the passer and the coach and the screener a bunch of credit. We should probably dock the defender. If you've hit an amazing shot, call it Kyrie Irving at the end of game six or game seven, I guess, an amazing shot that's quite difficult. You should get an amazing amount of credit for that. There's some luck in that, but there's a ton of skill in that too. Those were the kinds of things that he was adjusting. But to do that, you had to have an underlying set of data that was quite robust at the time. And then the skills and abilities and sort of at that time, industry know-how to be able to build on top of that.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“So, because of the amazing amount of work he had done, it was clear to us that we needed a couple things to happen. One, we needed him join forces with us. And two, we needed him to stop leaking this stuff out to the internet. He was bleeding away small amounts of competitive edge for us that was half percent here, one percent there. It wasn't huge, but I didn't have great confidence that he wouldn't leak out 10% of it in one big post. That might only be 10 more days away. He's been now, what is it? 2020. He's been at the Rockets now 12 years, and he's done amazing work there. But much of that was on the backs of his early writing where he could show what he knew. He didn't have to say, oh, I learned fast. It was obvious he learned fast. He didn't have to say, oh, I'm hyper passionate about this. It was obvious he was.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Friend of mine, and I was like, Oh, that's super interesting. A week or two passes, and there's another blog post. And by noon, four or five people have sent it to me. And I'm like, oh my gosh, this is massively good. And the primitives you would have to understand to do this kind of work, not to mention alone, are massive. Another week or two passes. And here comes another blog post. And by now I've got it like hooked into an RSS feeder back then. I read it quickly and I just printed it out and walked down to Darryl Morey's office. And I said, I'm about to hire this guy. I haven't met him yet, but I'm about to hire him today. And he said, why? And I print it off what he had done. And he said, I get it. Let me know how it goes. The truth is we did real interviewing and we spent a bunch of time with him over many, many weeks to try to understand him better. We did hire him based on that. I like processes where you hire people where you run a tournament where there's an actual tournament. But he was the number one seed in the tournament, to be clear, based on his prior record and that that was massively influential for how we would think about him.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“System GM of the rockets right now is Eli Whitas, who I got to know and must have been 2008. At the time, he had just started a blog. But prior to that, there had been a sort of a message board, an open forum where people would post all sorts of interesting analysis. Back then it was called APBR Metrics. It was the way in which people communicated, sort of think of it like hacker news or something today in this space at the time. And there was a prolific poster who was quite good under a pen name. And after a while, it became clear that that person sort of docks themselves, think of it like someone like Slate Star Codex or something, where Eli said, you know what, I'll go ahead and say that was me. That was me that's been doing it all this time. I was like, oh, that's interesting because there's this trove of information. It's him. And then at the same time, he started this blog. And the first blog post for years, I've told people, I tell people now, if you see something awesome, send it to me. I'd love to read it. He has his first blog post. And by the end of the first day, four or five people sent it to me. And it's amazing work. And I'm like, oh, that's wild. And I'd heard a little bit about him from another.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Even raise a series A. We should just be done. I love that answer. That's a great answer to say you're right, I do suck at this go-to-market thing, and I might get some of these other things, but those things are steps three or five or seven. And if we don't get one and two right, there's no platform to build on anyway. So this thing is sort of a waste of time to spend much time on that now. I don't think it's like raw intellect. It can be grit. It can be EQ. It can be your ability to sell. It can be your ability to inspire a set of people, to inspire people smarter than you in a bunch of ways, to join up, to drop what they're doing and sort of be your acolyte on your path that you're trying to go down. It doesn't mean you have to be the smartest person in the group at all. Maybe not even the most talented, but you have to have a way in which you can bring all these people together. I do think you're going to need some really, really, really pointy skill that you can lean into. And even better, if that skill will be rewarded in this game.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Myself with people that can help me on that. But I have this idea that I'm coming into this new ecosystem where I don't think people have fully valued that. Personally, I'm often looking for people who are quite pointy in one way or another, who are really unusual at one item here or there and are cognizant of their weaknesses. And then the ones I really like are often open about their weaknesses and are keeping them their weaknesses because they think it's an infinite game that you don't quite understand yet. They say, yes, you're right. We haven't thought much about go to market, but that's not really a problem until years two to six. Yes, I think it's solvable. And yes, I don't know much about it. I don't quite have a plan of how to solve it yet, but I think we're going to be able to, whether it's via people we bring on or advisors or investors along the way. But what we need to focus on right now is the compounding advantage. That's the thing to focus on for the first 12 months. And by the way, if we don't have a compounding advantage, thing isn't even venture scalable anyway.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Sure. That's how I think about it. I heard this somewhere and it's stuck in my brain for years now that expertise is a predictive model about the future that works. I don't care how you got there. It might be instincts, might be actual data, might be something, but you can make a prediction and it became true over time. Experiences, how many times you've done this? That's totally different. That's totally different. It doesn't mean people without experience don't have expertise, but they're wildly different things. Getting down the learning curve for some set of people is often very, very quick and you might not care at all that they're bringing sort of a beginner's mind to a new industry. In fact, that might be preferential. You might want them to attack an industry in which the incumbents are sleepy or the incumbents have long held the belief that technology can't help or that software will never disrupt their business or that their advantages will always remain. You often want someone from the outside to say there's so much I don't know and I'm so worried about what I don't know about this industry. I got to get down that learning curve. I got to surround.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“His essays than I do. I felt the same way when I found sort of Paul Graham stuff. I need to get into the good stuff as fast as possible, and I will probably read it all. But in case I don't, I want to make sure I've read all the good stuff, even if I only read two-thirds or three-quarters. I want to make sure I got 95% of the value, even if I did only did 80% of the work.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Total of all that is useful. And so, to the extent people have written blogs or posted things on Twitter or created some artifact that I think of they've sort of buried in time that I can go find, that's often amazing because you get a chance to see people over a long period of time. It doesn't mean you agree with all their ideas. No one would have agreed with all my ideas when I was 25 or 35. We all change a lot, but you see sort of where they are and you can kind of watch them grow throughout it. My favorite version by far is when you find someone on Twitter or something you like and then you realize they have a blog and you'll find the blog and you're like, oh my God, it's like a diamond mine, the whole thing. This is the first time when I found Patrick McKenzie's blog. I was like, what? I have to read all of these. I've known him enough on Twitter to know I respect the way he thinks. I love the way he writes. And so I have to read all of these. Then I have a new problem. How do I read all these? What orders should I read them in? Where should I start? Who knows more about?”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Super interesting. Likewise, one of the other founders, he had been producing these YouTube videos for the last seven or eight years going through one thing after another, showing how he's doing his own thinking. And so you could see him at a very early age. He's quite young. You could see him at a very early age criticizing the larger system and thinking about what his expectations were and how that matched. I often think of it the other way. If you wanted to understand me better, I'm 42. If you went back, call it for the last 30 years until I was 12 and just found one person per year and talked to them about me and ask them a set of questions. That's all me. The middle of that distribution is me. You'd find a hater. You should discount that. You'd probably find my mom. You should discount that. She'd be too nice. Everybody else would be like, oh, Sam is awesome at this and sucks at this and is frustrating at this and is amazing at this. And we love him for this. True, true, true. That's roughly true. And I've changed plenty, but the sum.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“If I can't find breadcrumbs sort of in the wider world, I'll often ask them for them. I'll often ask people, send me an awesome book or send me something cool to read or send me something really influential to you or send me something you've written. So I end up reading lots of senior theses from college or old things they wrote or old posts or one of the recent investments I made is in a company I'm really excited about, obviously just happened a few months ago called ScoutApp.ai and I got deep into the founders there deep. I'm watching videos of their parents talk about their life journey. I'm reading the medium post of one of the founders over the last several years and reading all of his medium highlights. And it's not hard to say like in this case his name is Shrey. If Shray's thinking about this topic at this age and this topic at this age and is deeply curious about this and sort of gave the clap on medium for this that this was interesting. And his GitHub repository looks like this. That's all.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Drawn to a bunch of people who sort of footnote as they go and you can't help but hear it because they talk about it. So they'll summarize a book in two phrases. That's not that good. If you haven't read that, you should maybe read this. You get a sense there's real evidence behind that. I think a lot of the people in sort of public discourse these days, that's obvious when you talk to them that they think about it differently. I think both of the Collison brothers are sort of similar to that. I think Mark Andreessen is similar to that. I think Naval Ravicon is similar to that in that it's quite clear the number of sort of primitives underneath something is quite high that they thought about many topics and many topics relatively deeply as they go. I'm often looking at each of those that that's a vein trying to figure out which of those I want to explore. But on occasion you'll come across people that are truly differentiated and how much of their own thinking they do, but then the kind of lattice work they can bring with everyone else's on.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Deals in a year and do five. So by definition, you're saying no if people are asking for money, you're saying no, the overwhelming majority of the time, that doesn't mean I can't try to find things to store in my brain about what it is they're looking for or what they would be amazing at or who would be a perfect partner for them if in fact I'm not. And so I'm trying to like dig and dig and dig to understand what's deeply meaningful to them and see what they can sort of teach me along the way.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Things are true. I have a very high bar, people that actually get on my tribe over a long period of time that I feel like are amazing on one dimension or another. And we really resonate. That's a very rare combination. If you're lucky, you find one or two of those people a year that you sort of add to your group that you go through life with. On the other hand, I'm so aggressive with my time and like how I spend it that if I've chosen to spend time with you, it's no front. It's the thing that I thought was the single best use of my time for this 30 minutes or this hour. You're getting all of it. We may take it in some weird places. We may not talk about just your business. We may get down a whole bunch of what seem like rabbit holes to you, but you're getting all my attention. I'm like sort of filled with wonder about who you are and what you know and what you could teach me and what's interesting. And often, I mean, venture by nature, the nature of sort of how I look at things now is like, are you trying to see, call it 500?”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Thing, but instead, you really want to see where it can go. I'm trying to understand how people think more than I am to understand what it is they actually know because they can, if you can get to that essence, if you can get to that, then it's much easier to predict sort of where they'll go. If you give them new infrastructure to stand on top of or you give them a different set of colleagues, you're like, oh my gosh, they could get up this learning curve massively because that's how they think about how to learn in the real world.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I wish I could say this was like hyper thoughtful and I had designed some winning system. It's not clear to me at all. I'm actually just curious and I'm actually curious to learn. And I usually take the approach I can learn something from anyone, whoever's sitting across the table for me is getting my utmost attention. And I suspect I can learn something that they know about the world. And I'm not just trying to evaluate them. I'm trying to learn at the same time. And so I'll sort of push in those areas. It seems obvious to me you should try to find things that they want to talk about. I don't want any gotcha questions where I ask you something that I think I know the answer to and see if you'll fake knowing the answer. I'm not trying to trick anyone. I'm just trying to understand who you are. All interviewing should be a matchmaking game of who they are and how they see themselves and where they want to be. And is this a fit? And if this isn't the best fit, isn't it in everyone's interest to get to that as soon as possible? Not six months after you're hired or six years down the line, you feel like you wasted a big chunk of your life doing this.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I'm just like above average. I'm a tenth grader and you're a middle schooler on this topic, but let's not kid ourselves. I'm not a PhD on this topic. And so here's the things I understand and the things I very much over index towards people who sort of understand the limits to their own knowledge and say, I know this cold, but there's a whole other level out there that I'm not at and that I respect some people that I think are at.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“That's kind of you to say. I'm this weird dichotomy on a whole bunch of areas, one of which is at some level I don't really value interviewing all that much. And I don't really value the output you get out of interviews. Yet at the same time, I do try to do it quite differently than others. I think in a bunch of ways you get weird signal out of interviewing. And so you have to be careful. I'm mostly trying to understand how it is you learn how it is you perceive the world and where you sort of think the edges are. Oftentimes I'm not particularly good, particularly on a first interview at being hyperscripted. Oftentimes I'll try to find something interesting to you and let's go to the bottom. Let's go all the way to the bottom of what that thing is. And by the way, it's fun for me. I'll learn all sorts of stuff. It'll be something random that I know nothing about. And sometimes the bottom honestly is not very deep. And sometimes the bottom, you can never get there. You can just never get there. That dynamic, I like people who can zoom out and say, this is what I know, but I'm not even in the 70th percentile of this.”
2025-09-09 · Invest Like the Best · Sam Hinkie - Find Your People - [Invest Like the Best, REPLAY] · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source