YouSaid · the spoken record

Harsh Vardhan Shringla

lines on the record: 41
first: 2021-01-06
most recent: 2021-06-29
sittings or episodes: 4
sources: un-security-council

Every line below is reproduced as it was said and linked to the record it came from. Nothing here is summarised or generated. Directory · Search · Corrections

“Our overarching objective is to harness cyberspace for growth and empowerment of the people, not just of our own country, but for all humanity. India stands ready to offer its expertise and share its experience in this endeavour.”
2021-06-29 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/621 (2021) · source
“India is committed to an open, secure, free, accessible and stable cyberspace environment, which will become an engine for innovation, economic growth, sustainable development, ensure free flow of information and respect cultural and linguistic diversity. With our transformative technology initiatives in recent years such as IndiaStack, Aadhar and UPI, we have successfully leveraged the tremendous potential of cybertechnologies in implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and improving governance. As part of its COVID vaccination drive, one of the largest such drives in the world, India has developed Co-WIN – a scalable, inclusive and open technological platform. The Co-WIN platform can be customized and scaled up for health interventions across the globe. We are working on sharing this platform with partner countries.”
2021-06-29 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/621 (2021) · source
“The widening “digital gaps” and “digital knowledge gaps” among countries create an unsustainable environment in the cyberdomain. Growing digital dependency in the post-coronavirus disease (COVID) era has exacerbated risks and exposed these fissures of digital inequalities. These must be bridged through capacity-building. The pervasive and boundary less nature of cyberspace implies that we are only as strong as the weakest link in the global network. “Only together” we can achieve the goal of a globally secure resilient cyberspace and we must ensure that no country is left behind in this collective endeavour.”
2021-06-29 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/621 (2021) · source
“As Member States, we need to adopt a collaborative rules-based approach in cyberspace and work towards ensuring its openness, stability and security. The momentum generated by the positive outcomes of the Group of Governmental Experts on Advancing Responsible State Behaviour in Cyberspace in the Context of International Security and the Open-ended Working Group on the developments in ICT should be leveraged to find further common ground and improve upon the already-agreed cybernorms and rules. These rules must strive to ensure collective cybersecurity through international cooperation. Multi-stakeholder involvement will be key in achieving this objective. Fostering equitable access to cyberspace and its benefits should also form an important component of this international co-operation.”
2021-06-29 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/621 (2021) · source
“There are widespread concerns that State and non-State actors are introducing vulnerabilities and harmful hidden functions, including through backdoor channels, into ICT networks and products. Such nefarious acts undermine trust and confidence in the global ICT supply chain, compromise security and could become a flashpoint between States. It is in the interest of the international community to ensure that all actors abide by their international obligations and commitments and not indulge in practices that could have potentially disruptive effects on global supply chains and trade in ICT products. The interconnectedness of the cyberdomain requires that solutions to the complex problems and threats emanating from cyberspace cannot be resolved in isolation.”
2021-06-29 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/621 (2021) · source
“Open societies have been particularly vulnerable to cyberattacks and disinformation campaigns. Second, we are witnessing the sophisticated use of cyberspace by terrorists around the world to broaden their appeal, spread virulent propaganda, incite hatred and violence, recruit youth and raise funds. Terrorists have also used social media for planning and executing their terror attacks and wreaking havoc. As a victim of terrorism, India has always underlined the need for Member States to address and tackle the implications of terrorist exploitation of the cyberdomain more strategically. Third, the integrity and security of ICT products, which form the building blocks of cyberspace, are being compromised.”
2021-06-29 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/621 (2021) · source
“The borderless nature of cyberspace and more importantly anonymity of actors involved have challenged the traditionally accepted concepts of sovereignty, jurisdiction and privacy. These unique attributes of cyberspace present their own set of numerous challenges for Member States. I will focus on three key challenges in my intervention: First, some States are leveraging their expertise in cyberspace to achieve their political and security-related objectives and indulge in contemporary forms of cross- border terrorism. The world is already witnessing the use of cybertools to compromise State security through, inter alia, attacking critical national infrastructure, including health and energy facilities, even disrupting social harmony through radicalization.”
2021-06-29 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/621 (2021) · source
“The increasing use of cybertechnologies and of information and communications technologies (ICT) has accelerated economic development, improved services delivery to citizens, generated greater social awareness, and placed information and knowledge in the hands of every individual. Most activities in this cyber-age – political, social, economic, humanitarian and developmental (including this high-level meeting of the Security Council) – are now conducted in or connected to cyberspace. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has only accelerated and expanded the digitalization of these activities. The dynamic and continuously evolving feature of cyberspace has also brought cybersecurity into the discourse of peace and security.”
2021-06-29 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/621 (2021) · source
“I thank the President and welcome Estonia’s initiative in organizing this open debate to highlight one of the significant emerging areas of cybersecurity. I also thank Under-Secretary-General Nakamitzu for her briefing. While the meaning of peace has remained constant since the establishment of the Security Council, the nature of conflict and its underlying tools have transformed tremendously over the decades. Today, we are witnessing growing security threats to Member States emanating from cyberspace, which can no longer be ignored. Hence, the open debate is timely.”
2021-06-29 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/621 (2021) · source
“Let me conclude by reiterating India’s firm commitment to supporting the United Nations in its endeavours to protect children in situations of armed conflict.”
2021-06-28 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/617 (2021) · source
“Despite the Council’s clear mandate, we note with concern that the report of the Secretary-General includes situations that are not situations of armed conflict or threats to the maintenance of international peace and security. We must be cautious as attempts to selectively expand the mandate politicizes the agenda, diverting attention from real threats to international peace and security and to children in armed conflict. We note with appreciation that the engagement of the United Nations, particularly the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, with parties engaged in armed conflict has resulted in the release of 12,643 children over the last year. This positive trend must continue.”
2021-06-28 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/617 (2021) · source
“Assistance to national Governments for capacity-building and strengthening legal and operational tools for child protection is vital. The monitoring and reporting mechanism of the United Nations should ensure continuous involvement of and close cooperation with the Member States concerned, including ensuring the veracity and reliability of data collection. Based on our experience in United Nations peacekeeping over the decades, we recognize the importance of having sufficient resources and requisite number of child protection advisers in peacekeeping missions for the effective implementation of child protection programmes. The Council may consider incorporating adequate child protection provisions and capacities in all relevant mandates of United Nations peacekeeping operations.”
2021-06-28 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/617 (2021) · source
“States need to demonstrate greater political will to hold the perpetrators of terrorism and their sponsors to account, and to fulfil the Council’s child protection obligations. We also call for ending impunity for all actors responsible for inciting and perpetrating grave violations against children. There must be greater accountability and sincere efforts to bring the perpetrators to justice by Governments from whose territory such entities operate. Close cooperation between the United Nations and its Member States concerned is critical for developing an effective and sustainable policy for repatriation and reintegration of children affected by armed conflict. States should adopt an in clusive approach to provide protection to child victims during the rehabilitation and reintegration process in post-conflict situations.”
2021-06-28 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/617 (2021) · source
“The aim should not be merely protecting children from child-related crimes but also to provide them with holistic development opportunities, including free and compulsory education. We are witnessing a dangerous and worrying trend in global terrorism and that is an increase in the number of children that are being recruited and involved in terrorism-related activities. Terror groups take advantage of the fact that children are the most susceptible to manipulation. School closures due to the pandemic have provided an even greater opportunity to these terrorist groups to target children, including through online avenues, for radicalization and indoctrination in violent extremist ideologies. We believe that there is a need for a more coordinated approa ch in implementing the child protection and counter terrorism agendas.”
2021-06-28 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/617 (2021) · source
“The COVID-19 pandemic has further negatively affected children in situations of armed conflict, including by hampering their access to education, health and social services. It has made them susceptible to grave violations, particularly through recruitment and abduction. It is, therefore, important that States keep child protection concerns at the core of their pandemic response measures and recovery plans. National Governments have the primary responsibility for protecting the rights of the child as mandated by the Convention on the Rights of the Child. We encourage Member States to ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict and to adopt robust legal frameworks for protection and promotion of child rights.”
2021-06-28 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/617 (2021) · source
“Mahatma Gandhi said (and I quote) “If we are to reach real peace in this world and if we are to carry on a real war against war, we shall have to begin with children; and if they will grow up in their natural innocence, we will not have to struggle; we will not have to pass fruitless idle resolutions, but we shall go from love to love and peace to peace, until at last all the corners of the world are covered with that peace and love for which consciously or unconsciously the whole world is hungering ”. (Unquote.) Unfortunately, we are not living in an ideal world today. As noted by the Secretary-General in his report, the scale and severity of violations perpetrated against children in armed conflict remains on the rise. It is clear that there remain significant challenges to the effective implementation of this mandate.”
2021-06-28 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/617 (2021) · source
“I congratulate the delegation of Estonia for organizing this important annual open debate as we mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the creation of the children and armed conflict agenda. I note with appreciation the presence of António Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations, Henrietta Fore, Executive Director of UNICEF and Forest Whitaker, United Nations Goodwill Ambassador. I also thank Virginia Gamba, Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict and other briefers for sharing their insights with us today.”
2021-06-28 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/617 (2021) · source
“With the objective of reforming and strengthening multilateralism, we remain committed to seeking responsible and inclusive solutions to global challenges, guided by dialogue, cooperation, mutual respect and commitment to international law.”
2021-05-07 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/456 (2021) · source
“India has also worked with South Africa and other partners in the World Trade Organization to seek a relaxation in the norms of the Agreement on Trade- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights so as to ensure quick and affordable access to vaccines and medicines for developing countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. That waiver will be an important step for enabling the rapid scaling-up of the manufacture and timely availability of affordable COVID-19 vaccines and essential medical products on a global basis. In conclusion, we believe that a renewal of vows towards a reformed United Nations-centred multilateral system will require genuine efforts on behalf of all Member States. For its part, India has always sought to strengthen the forces of cooperative multilateralism.”
2021-05-07 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/456 (2021) · source
“On climate action, India is today one of the few countries that is on track to meet its mitigation commitments under the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. We have also taken the lead in launching important multilateral initiatives on climate action, such as the International Solar Alliance and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure. Over the past year alone, we have provided COVID-19 vaccines, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment to more than 150 countries across the world. In that same spirit of friendship and solidarity, we extend deep appreciation to those that have come forward to provide us with some priority requirements to battle the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.”
2021-05-07 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/456 (2021) · source
“During our eight terms as a member of the Security Council, we have always endeavoured to be a voice of reason and understanding, a voice of the underrepresented developing word and a bridge-builder for narrowing divides and fostering consensus. We have been the leading advocate for the concerns and aspirations of developing countries and the creation of a more equitable international economic and political order. India has contributed immensely to maintaining international peace and security as a leading troop-contributing country to United Nations peacekeeping missions, having sacrificed the highest number of lives in that noble endeavour. We have also fostered global socioeconomic development through transparent, viable, sustainable and demand-driven partnership programmes.”
2021-05-07 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/456 (2021) · source
““For how long will India be kept out of the decision-making structures of the United Nations?” (A/75/PV.12, annex I ) As a founding Member of the United Nations, India has consistently displayed its commitment to upholding the purposes and principles of the Charter. We remain committed to upholding the rules-based international order, underpinned by international law, premised upon respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all Member States, the resolution of international disputes through peaceful negotiations and free and open access for all to the global commons. India stood at the forefront during the United Nations tumultuous years of struggle against colonialism and apartheid.”
2021-05-07 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/456 (2021) · source
“The narrow representation and privileges of a few in the primary decision- making organ of the United Nations pose a serious challenge to its credibility and effectiveness. How can we explain the contradiction of Africa not being represented on the Security Council in the permanent category even though African issues dominate its agenda? Speaking on the occasion of the seventh-fifth anniversary of the United Nations last year, the Prime Minister of India gave a clarion call for United Nations reform: “Reform in the responses, in the processes, and in the very character of the United Nations is the need of the hour. “It is a fact that the faith and respect that the United Nations enjoys among the 1.3 billion people in India is unparalleled...”
2021-05-07 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/456 (2021) · source
“When power structures continue to reflect the status quo of a bygone era, they also start reflecting a lack of appreciation of contemporary geopolitical realities. Multilateral institutions must be made more accountable to their membership; they must be open and welcoming to a diversity of viewpoints and cognizant of new voices. The Council must be made more representative of developing countries if it is to continue to engender trust and confidence in its ability to provide leadership to the entire world. It can deliver effective solutions only if it gives a voice to the voiceless, rather than zealously guarding the status quo of the mighty. Today the United Nations has 193 Member States, nearly a four-fold increase since 1945.”
2021-05-07 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/456 (2021) · source
“It is the lack of a coordinated global response that has exposed the vulnerabilities and weaknesses of the multilateral system as it stands today, providing a timely reminder of the pressing need for comprehensive reform. While the pandemic exposed the fault lines from unreliable global supply chains to inequitable vaccine distribution, it has also underlined the need for global solidarity and strengthened multilateralism. The reimagined post-pandemic world will make profoundly different demands of the multilateral system, which must evolve accordingly so as to be fit for purpose and capable of inspiring confidence in its ability to effectively meet those demands. At the core of India’s call for reformed multilateralism lies the reform of the Security Council, reflective of the contemporary realities of today.”
2021-05-07 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/456 (2021) · source
“The year 2021 is a watershed moment in the history of the world, providing a timely opportunity to reflect on the effectiveness of the United Nations in achieving the goals and objectives that its founders set out 75 years ago. The multitude of challenges of today’s dynamic and interdependent world cannot be addressed with outdated systems that were designed to deal with the challenges of the past. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has sharpened our awareness of the depth of global interdependence and of the fact that the world is only as resilient as the least resilient country. The events of the past year have clearly demonstrated how imperative it is for all countries to coordinate responses to the various challenges that the pandemic has brought to the fore.”
2021-05-07 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/456 (2021) · source
“At the same time, it has been found wanting in its ability to garner a concerted response to tackle the world’s most complex challenges. Several contemporary global challenges have come to the fore, such as terrorism, radicalism, pandemics, climate change, threats from new and emerging technologies, growing asymmetric threats, the disruptive role of non-State actors and intensified geopolitical competition, all of which call for a robust multilateral response. While the United Nations has addressed most of those issues somewhat partially and intermittently, our collective effort has nonetheless fallen short in providing effective and enduring solutions, primarily due to the infirmities within the multilateral system.”
2021-05-07 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/456 (2021) · source
“Envisioned with the noble objective of saving succeeding generations from the scourge of war, the establishment of the United Nations in 1945 heralded a new era of international relations, committed to maintaining international peace and security, upholding international law, respecting obligations arising from mutually negotiated treaties and promoting fundamental freedoms for all humanity. Founded on the principle of sovereign equality for all its Members, the United Nations today is the most universal and representative international organization. The United Nations has been credited with largely keeping the peace over the past seven and a half decades and for contributing in many ways to the betterment of the lives of the world’s humanity.”
2021-05-07 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/456 (2021) · source
“I congratulate you, Mr. President, on assuming the presidency of the Security Council for the month of May and appreciate your initiative in organizing this high- level meeting on the topic of “Maintenance of international peace and security: upholding multilateralism and the United Nations-centred international system”. Given the high expectations from the United Nations and the multilateral system, particularly at this time when the world is confronted by several global challenges, not least the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, such a discussion is indeed relevant and timely. I also take this opportunity to thank His Excellency Volkan Bozkir, President of the General Assembly, for sharing his insights.”
2021-05-07 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/456 (2021) · source
“India welcomes the evolution and rise of Africa as a key factor in the contemporary world. We are committed to supporting African countries in that endeavour, as per African priorities and without conditionalities. That is in keeping with the 10 guiding principles of India’s engagement with Africa, as enunciated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in his address to the Parliament of Uganda in July 2018. India will continue to support Africa’s aspirations and work towards empowering Africa for a future that is founded on the principles of inclusivity, sustainability, transparency and socioeconomic development with dignity and respect.”
2021-01-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/24 (2021) · source
“India has supplied critical medicines to several countries in Africa to help them fight the COVID-19 pandemic. We also responded to the call of the Secretary- General and upgraded our peacekeeping hospitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan during the peak of the pandemic. India has always supported African entrepreneurship and market access. India was the first developing country to provide duty-free, quota-free market access to least-developed countries, which has been available over the years to 33 countries in Africa. India is Africa’s third-largest export destination. Indian companies have invested over $54 billion in Africa and created hundreds of thousands of employment opportunities. India is also extending debt relief to African countries under a Group of Twenty initiative.”
2021-01-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/24 (2021) · source
“At the third India-Africa Forum Summit, held in 2015, India announced $10 billion in lines of credit and $600 million in grant assistance to African countries. We have committed $1.7 billion as soft loans for solar projects, including in Africa, as our commitment to the International Solar Alliance. India has offered 50,000 scholarships to African students. We are actively engaged with capacity-building of the security forces in several countries in Africa. Counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism training is one of the significant areas of our defence-training programmes. Our ties are also driven by new partnerships in the digital domain. Premier Indian institutions and hospitals have been linked to 16 African countries to offer tele-education and tele-medicine services through the e-Vidya Bharati and e-Arogya Bharati portals.”
2021-01-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/24 (2021) · source
“Long-standing trade and diaspora links across the Indian Ocean, a shared colonial past and our common developmental challenges have shaped India-Africa relations. India has worked together with African partners to eliminate the evils of colonialism and apartheid. We have worked together for a fairer global governance system, including a more equitable global economic order. We have worked together on a development agenda for the benefit of our peoples. Under our development partnership with Africa, India has reached out to 43 African countries; we have executed 189 development projects in 37 African countries; and about 77 projects are under execution, with a total outlay of $12.86 billion.”
2021-01-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/24 (2021) · source
“Finally, Africa is today facing serious challenges posed by the growth of terrorism, particularly in the Sahel and Horn of Africa. In that regard, initiatives such as the African Union Mission in Somalia, the Group of Five for the Sahel Joint Force and the Multinational Joint Task Force need more robust support from the Security Council and the international community. From a broader perspective, the Council needs to consider that, while more than half of the country issues on the Council’s agenda pertain to Africa, the African continent does not even have a single voice among the permanent membership to defend its own interests. We need to correct that historical anomaly and collectively support the Ezulwini Consensus. The bonds between India and Africa have been forged over several centuries.”
2021-01-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/24 (2021) · source
“Peacekeeping missions should have a clear and well- thought-out exit strategy. Sixth, it is important to actively support the post-conflict reconstruction agenda of Africa. In that regard, the Peacebuilding Commission’s efforts should be strengthened. Their efforts should be to prioritize the focus of United Nations efforts and coordinate the role of international financial institutions, the private sector and civil society organizations. Seventh, the role of technology, especially digital technology, to improve public services, promote transparency in governance and enhance the reach of democracy, human rights and gender sensitivity has not yet been sufficiently appreciated and factored in. COVID-19 has brought us unparalleled grief but also helped us to do things differently. We need to factor technology with a human face into that mix.”
2021-01-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/24 (2021) · source
“The African Union policy framework for post-conflict reconstruction and development, informed by lessons learned from past mistakes as well as best practices, offers a road map towards sustainable peace and development. African leadership has already undertaken important initiatives, such as the creation of the High-Level Panel on Fragile States, to respond to the needs of countries in a flexible and rapid manner. Fifth, we need to ensure that the United Nations and its presence on the ground, its peacekeeping operations and special political missions are sufficiently mandated and resourced to implement a comprehensive understanding of peace and security. Having contributed significantly to United Nations peacekeeping in Africa for six decades, we have seen how peacekeeping missions are struggling to implement ambitious mandates.”
2021-01-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/24 (2021) · source
“We should recognize the primacy of national Governments and national ownership in identifying and driving priorities, strategies and activities for sustaining peace. Fourth, the Security Council should remain respectful of the regional approach adopted by countries, in collaboration with regional organizations, to address common challenges. The African Union has a leadership role to play in consolidating peace and post-conflict reconstruction in Africa. The collaboration between the United Nations and the African Union and subregional organizations, such as the Economic Community of West African States, the Economic Community of Central African States, the Southern African Development Community and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, has yielded positive results.”
2021-01-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/24 (2021) · source
“The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has only made the situation worse in some countries. Today’s debate provides an opportunity to reflect on fragile situations, particularly in the African continent. In that context, I would like to make the following observations. First, let us not fail to acknowledge that the legacy of colonialism constitutes the foundational basis of the current instabilities that plague the African continent. Second, we should not paint all fragility issues with the same brush. We are primarily concerned with situations that directly affect the maintenance of international peace and security. Third, full respect for national ownership can never be overemphasized.”
2021-01-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/24 (2021) · source
“Climate change, water scarcity and resource wars are adding new dimensions to the existing complexity. While democracy is undoubtedly gaining ground in Africa, especially through peaceful transfers of power, African countries, particularly in the Sahel, Central Africa and the Horn of Africa, continue to face complex challenges. The principal driving factors are chronic political instability, weak governance structures, institutional weaknesses, ethnic divisions and the presence of terrorist and armed groups. Overexploitation of diminishing resources, mainly in the Lake Chad basin and Great Lakes region, are also exacerbating the problem. The Libyan conflict and the resulting instability continue to have a negative impact on that county’s neighbours.”
2021-01-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/24 (2021) · source
“Fragile States suffer deficits, inter alia, of governance structures, institutional capacity and political legitimacy, that increase the risk of instability and violent conflict. Extremist political ideologies can also cause the breakdown of the social contract, pushing a country into fragility. In addition, there is a strong correlation of the State’s fragility with poverty; terrorism, radicalism and violent extremism; pandemics; or the predations of regional powers and international actors. The regional impact of fragility is often underestimated. Fragile States have direct negative spillover effects on neighbouring States, including in terms of refugee flows and by providing safe havens for terrorists, organized crime, epidemics and weapons trafficking, among other things.”
2021-01-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/24 (2021) · source
“At the outset, I thank Tunisia for organizing today’s open debate and acknowledge the presence of the President of Tunisia, His Excellency Mr. Kaïs Saïed, as the President of the Security Council. I extend my best wishes to Tunisia for a successful presidency of the Council in January. I also thank the Secretary- General, the Chairperson of the African Union Commission and the former President of Liberia for their briefings on this important topic. I wish to convey our deepest condolences for the cowardly terrorist attack in the Niger. That attack yet again underscores the need for the international community to unite in its fight against terrorists and their sponsors. At its core, fragility stems from the absence or breakdown of the social contract between people and their Government.”
2021-01-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/2021/24 (2021) · source