YouSaid · the spoken record

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lines on the record

41

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2018-10-18

most recent

2019-12-18

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6

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un-security-council

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1. “South Africa deplores the fact that violence has been directed at civilians in particular. What is of particular concern is that women and children remain the most vulnerable and affected by sexual violence, which continues to be a weapon of war in Darfur. South Africa calls on the military and security forces to ensure the full protection of civilians and respect for human rights and freedoms in Darfur. We urge all stakeholders in the Sudan to engage in constructive dialogue in order to restore peace and stability in the country. In that regard, the support of all stakeholders within the international community remains vital, which is also vital for regional stability.”

   2019-12-18 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8691 (2019) · source

2. “South Africa welcomed the agreement signed on 17 August between the Forces for Freedom and Change and the Transitional Military Council in the Sudan on the establishment of a new civilian-led transitional Government and transitional institutions. We furthermore welcome the inauguration of the Prime Minister and the Sovereign Council on 21 August. We underscore that those are important steps to deliver peace and security for the people of the Sudan. South Africa welcomes the vital mediation role undertaken by the African Union and Ethiopia, as well as the support extended by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, the United Nations, the League of Arab States and others in the international community. We are deeply concerned about the continuing violence and loss of life in Darfur, as indicated by the Prosecutor in her report.”

   2019-12-18 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8691 (2019) · source

3. “At the outset, allow me to thank the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), Ms. Fatou Bensouda, for her comprehensive briefing on the situation in the Sudan. South Africa continues to support the full implementation of resolution 1593 (2005), which referred the situation in Darfur to the ICC Prosecutor to investigate war crimes and crimes against humanity. South Africa welcomes the report of the Prosecutor and continues to call for the ICC to conduct effective and fair prosecutions in accordance with its mandate. At the same time, we continue to underscore the principle of complementarity, which underpins the framework of the Rome Statute, with States bearing the primary responsibility to investigate and prosecute crimes.”

   2019-12-18 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8691 (2019) · source

4. “We underline the primacy of African-led initiatives in the search for a lasting solution to the crisis in the Sudan. It is important that the Sudanese people chart their own path of peace, devoid of interference. That is also vital for ensuring that the substantial progress in peacebuilding achieved in Darfur is not reversed. South Africa urges all stakeholders in the Sudan to engage in constructive dialogue in order to restore peace and stability in the country. That is also vital for regional stability.”

   2019-06-19 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8554 (2019) · source

5. “In that regard, in line with the 13 June communique of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union and the 3 June press statement issued by the African countries represented on the Council, we strongly condemn and lament the tragic and unjustified loss of life and remind the transitional authorities in the Sudan of their obligation to protect civilians and respect their fundamental rights. We urge the Transitional Military Council, the Declaration of Freedom and Change Forces and all other parties to return to the internal dialogue with the aim of responding to the legitimate aspirations of the Sudanese people. Furthermore, we call on the Transitional Military Council to return to the framework established by the African Union.”

   2019-06-19 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8554 (2019) · source

6. “While we note the significant progress achieved in the peacekeeping and peacebuilding efforts in Darfur, South Africa is concerned by the persistent security challenges and human rights violations, as highlighted in the special report of the Chairperson of the African Union Commission and the Secretary-General of the United Nations on the strategic review of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2019/445). What is of particular concern is the fact that women and children remain the most vulnerable to and affected by sexual violence, which continues to be used as a weapon of war in Darfur. South Africa calls on the military and security forces to ensure the full protection of civilians and respect for human rights and freedoms in Darfur.”

   2019-06-19 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8554 (2019) · source

7. “At the outset allow me to thank Ms. Fatou Bensouda, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), for her comprehensive briefing on the situation in the Sudan. South Africa continues to support resolution 1593 (2005), which referred the situation in Darfur since 1 July 2002 to the ICC, mandating it to investigate war crimes and crimes against humanity. South Africa is deeply concerned about the continuing violence and loss of life in Darfur, as indicated by the Prosecutor in her report. South Africa deplores the fact that violence has been directed at civilians in particular.”

   2019-06-19 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8554 (2019) · source

8. “Allow me to conclude by recalling the political declaration adopted at the Nelson Mandela Peace Summit, which was adopted during the high-level week in September, in which world leaders acknowledged "the incontrovertible truth that conflict is in all ways more costly than preventive diplomacy" (resolution 73/1, para. 14) and expressed their full support for the work of the United Nations. They also agreed to "strive to support peace processes, conflict prevention and resolution efforts, peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction and development" (ibid). We trust that today's debate will work towards achieving those goals through enhanced cooperation between the United Nations and the AU.”

   2018-12-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8414 (2018) · source

9. “The AU Commission in 2016 also developed a five-year work plan for the period 2016-2020 for the African Standby Force, and thus far command-post training and exercises to boost the military, police and civilian components of the African Standby Force have been carried out. It is also vital that the Council realize the importance of the implementation of resolution 1325 (2000) and the agenda of enhancing the role of women in peace and security, not only as peacekeepers but as mediators in conflict. South Africa believes that the involvement of women in the peaceful resolution of conflict and the protection of women and children as vulnerable groups will prove crucial in achieving sustainable peace and development.”

   2018-12-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8414 (2018) · source

10. “Therefore, while we welcome resolutions 1809 (2008), 2320 (2016) and 2378 (2017), which allude to the need of addressing that lack of financial support, we call for unanimous Council support for the draft resolution, presented by the African members on the Council, that seeks to address the issue of financing for AU-led peace operations. Africa has demonstrated its political will and committed human resources and lives to silencing the guns on the continent, but needs assistance to enhance some of its capacities and capabilities in order to adequately respond to conflicts. With the African Standby Force having been declared fully operational, the AU has demonstrated that it is capable and ready to address its own security challenges within the continent.”

    2018-12-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8414 (2018) · source

11. “The AU has undertaken peace operations in Somalia and Darfur, and has been first respondent in cases such as Mali and the Central African Republic, risking much and often paying the ultimate price in terms of the lives of African troops. However, the continent continues to face the challenge of a lack of predictable funding for its peace operations. While Africans risk their lives in efforts to take responsibility for peace and security on the continent, which is a large part of the mandate of the Security Council, Africa is not being afforded the sustained, predictable and flexible funding for African Union-led peace operations.”

    2018-12-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8414 (2018) · source

12. “It is also critical to enhance cooperation between the AU post- conflict reconstruction and development mechanisms and the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission (PBC). South Africa believes that there is a need for a strong focus and strengthened support for the PBC, which can no longer be seen as an afterthought, but should take centre stage, with a more proactive approach of the Security Council on conflict prevention and resolution. Cooperation between the United Nations and the African Union is an excellent example of the potential of cooperation with regional organizations. Over the years, African Union member States have demonstrated their willingness and intent to lead the way in preventing and resolving conflicts on the African continent. Those efforts should be enhanced in order to maximize the gains that have been made so far.”

    2018-12-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8414 (2018) · source

13. “For that reason, South Africa welcomes the positive developments in the signing of two agreements - the Joint Framework for the Implementation of Agenda 2063 and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Joint United Nations-African Union Framework for an Enhanced Partnership in Peace and Security - which form the platform for renewed cooperation between the two organizations. However, we believe that more work needs to be done to facilitate joint visits, as well as regular consultations between the AU Peace and Security Council and the United Nations Security Council, to guarantee greater coherence and convergence of strategic direction. That will also enhance the conflict-prevention and early warning systems of the two organizations.”

    2018-12-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8414 (2018) · source

14. “Those have included mediation, good offices, troop deployment and direct technical and financial assistance. However, due to the lack of support for and focus on peacebuilding, as well as the lack of sustained attention on post-conflict economies, we often see those efforts undone by the continuation of instability and conflict. That shows a failure to consolidate peace gains and an inability to learn from past inaction. It also highlights the importance of addressing conflict in the broader sense by dealing with the root causes ofinstability, based on the understanding that peace, stability, development and human rights are interdependent. South Africa believes that regional organizations are best placed to implement actions that prevent instability and conflict.”

    2018-12-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8414 (2018) · source

15. “Therefore, as an incoming non-permanent member of the Security Council, South Africa will continue to work together with the three non-permanent Security Council members from Africa and other Council members to strengthen that cooperation. Furthermore, South Africa firmly supports the Secretary-General's call for a surge in diplomacy and conflict prevention, which gains much from greater cooperation with regional organizations. South Africa's own commitment to mediation and conflict prevention is well known, and we have responded, in that regard, to assist in resolving conflicts in countries such as Burundi, the Sudan, South Sudan, Lesotho, Madagascar and the Democratic Republic of the Congo by employing a wide variety of diplomatic tools to help stabilize the situation in those countries.”

    2018-12-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8414 (2018) · source

16. “In its previous terms on the Security Council, South Africa championed the landmark decision on strengthening strategic cooperation between the Security Council and the African Union Peace and Security Council in resolution 2033 (2012), adopted during South Africa's presidency of the Council and building on the South African- sponsored resolution 1809 (2008). Since then, South Africa has been consistent in its efforts to deepen cooperation between the African Union (AU) and the United Nations. Those resolutions and the subsequent efforts to draw on the comparative advantages of regional organizations in the context of Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations build on the principle of subsidiarity, which allows the Security Council to be more effective and efficient in the pursuit of its central mandate.”

    2018-12-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8414 (2018) · source

17. “With regard to a new era of opportunity for regional arrangements, he stated that "regional action as a matter of decentralization, delegation and cooperation with United Nations efforts could not only lighten the burden of the Council but also contribute to a deeper sense of participation, consensus and democratization in international affairs." (S/2411], para. 64). South Africa has always prioritized an enhanced strategic partnership between the United Nations and regional and subregional organizations in conflict prevention and resolution.”

    2018-12-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8414 (2018) · source

18. “I would like to congratulate you, Mr. President, and the delegation of Cote d'Ivoire for assuming the presidency of the Security Council and thank you for organizing this debate on cooperation between the United Nations and regional and subregional organizations and the role of States, regional arrangements and the United Nations in the prevention of conflicts. Allow me to start with a quote from former Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali from An Agendafor Peace, his report to the General Assembly on preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peacekeeping, published on 17 June 1992.”

    2018-12-06 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8414 (2018) · source

19. “In conclusion, we should recall the political declaration adopted at the Peace Summit (General Assembly resolution 73/1), commemorating the centenary of the birth of Nelson Mandela, which highlights the role of the United Nations and regional and subregional organizations that have a multitude of tools and mechanisms to support peace, and expresses our desire to continue to review the effectiveness of the tools at our disposal to address the armed conflicts at hand.”

    2018-11-20 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8407 (2018) · source

20. “Therefore, there is a need to ensure that the appropriate steps are taken to ensure that countries emerging from conflict are given the necessary support to ensure that they do not relapse into conflict. Post-conflict reconstruction and development, including peacebuilding, are necessary components of the peace process. Our approach to peacebuilding needs to be re-engineered as a supporting mechanism to peacekeeping and towards restoring institutional capacity and governance structures in the maintenance of the rule of law, curbing violence, restoring justice and socioeconomic development, as well as prioritizing community and national reconciliation.”

    2018-11-20 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8407 (2018) · source

21. “We call for support of the draft resolution that will be presented by the three African countries that are members of the Security Council, which addresses the issue of financing for AU-led peace operations, as Africa has the political will and human resources to deploy, but needs to enhance some of its capacities in order to respond to conflicts. Furthermore, we also welcome the AU initiative of establishing the African Union Peace Fund, aimed at developing a mechanism of self-financing for Africa's peace and security activities, which was launched recently at the AU Summit in Addis Ababa and of which South Africa's Minister of Finance is a member of the board of trustees. Lastly, there will never be sustainable peace without development.”

    2018-11-20 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8407 (2018) · source

22. “Thirdly, we would like once again to echo the call of the AU and the report of the High-level Independent Panel on Peace Operations (see S/2015/446) for sustained, predictable and flexible funding mechanisms for African Union peace operations. In that regard, we welcome the adoption of resolutions 1809 (2008), 2320 (2016) and 2378 (2017), which stress the same need as the report, particularly for the African Union-led peace support operations authorized by the Security Council. Actions taken to implement the resolutions will take peacekeeping on the African continent to the next level. Progress in that area will be in line with the partnership pillar of the Action for Peacekeeping initiative and its consistency with Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations.”

    2018-11-20 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8407 (2018) · source

23. “Secondly, we welcome the two agreements signed between the United Nations and the African Union - the joint framework for the implementation of Agenda 2063 and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Joint United Nations-African Union Framework for an Enhanced Partnership in Peace and Security, which form the platform for renewed cooperation between the two organizations. South Africa hopes that those agreements will be fully implemented in order to help Africa achieve inclusive and sustainable peace, security and development and help the continent achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.”

    2018-11-20 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8407 (2018) · source

24. “The complementary relationship between the United Nations and the AU is demonstrated by the important role that the African Union plays in peace operations on the African continent. We should continue to explore ways to enhance that cooperation, including through the implementation of resolution 2033 (2012). Both the AU Peace and Security Council and United Nations Security Council should undertake regular joint field missions and make special envoys and representatives of both organizations available for briefings to both Councils.”

    2018-11-20 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8407 (2018) · source

25. “South Africa is among the top 20 troop-contributing countries and is presently deployed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan and the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur. South Africa has also pledged a formed police unit ready to be deployed to a United Nations peacekeeping mission. Furthermore, South Africa is also active in the finalization of the African Standby Force and its rapid deployment capability. My delegation further wishes to emphasize the following four points. First, we welcome the Secretary-General's Action for Peacekeeping initiative, which was launched during the high-level week in September. Collaboration, particularly with regional organizations, is the cornerstone of making peacekeeping more effective.”

    2018-11-20 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8407 (2018) · source

26. “I thank you, Sir, for convening this important debate on the issue of peace and security in Africa: Strengthening peacekeeping operations in Africa. First, we would like to pay tribute to the Blue Helmets killed in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and other African Union-United Nations and United Nations operations elsewhere in Africa and in the world. We also thank the Secretary-General, Mr. Antonio Guterres, and the African Union (AU) Commissioner for Peace and Security for their briefings. Secondly, my delegation aligns itself with the statement to be delivered by the representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.”

    2018-11-20 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8407 (2018) · source

27. “Therefore, my delegation calls on all parties in conflict zones to create and implement commitments to combatting sexual violence, in accordance with resolution 2106 (2013) on sexual violence in conflict. The Executive Director of UN-Women, Ms. Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, recently called for renewed commitments and investments to meet the Beijing Platform for Action's now 20-year-old target of gender balance. She said, "If today's leaders front-load gender equality, if they start now to make good on those 20-year-old promises, we can look forward to gender equality by 2030 at the latest". We must therefore stress that, ultimately, strengthening democracy and resilience in peaceful and inclusive societies requires women's empowerment, political participation and leadership.”

    2018-10-25 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8382 (2018) · source

28. “South Africa remains committed to ending and condemning the widespread and systemic sexual violence perpetrated against women and girls. That instrument ofwar is a flagrant violation ofinternational humanitarian law and international human rights. We call on all parties to fully support the survivors of these brutal acts and strongly condemn the use of sexual violence in all its forms, particularly as a tactic of war and terrorism and as an instrument of torture. Ending this evil scourge, addressing the resulting trauma and holding accountable those responsible for committing these heinous acts is integral to the reconciliation and peacebuilding process.”

    2018-10-25 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8382 (2018) · source

29. “Of particular importance is the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, better known as the Maputo Protocol. The Maputo Protocol seeks to ensure and guarantee women's human rights as formulated in the Charter of the AU, including sexual and reproductive health and rights. In recognizing Member States' duties in relation to the Security Council's resolutions dealing with women, peace and security, the Maputo Protocol calls on all States parties to take appropriate measures to increase the participation of women in peacebuilding processes and for States to take measures to protect women in situations of armed conflict. That includes protecting women from sexual violence and other harmful practices, such as child marriage and female genital mutilation.”

    2018-10-25 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8382 (2018) · source

30. “The historic Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted in 2015, whose essential purpose is to eradicate poverty and underdevelopment, highlight the need for gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls. In addition to SDG 5, which is dedicated to that objective, the SDGs recognize the specific challenges that women and girls face in realizing the other development goals. All of us here must ensure that the objectives of the SDGs are reflected in our national development plans and that we all do what we can to ensure that there are adequate means for achieving the Goals by 2030. We wish to use this opportunity to highlight some of the African Union (AU) instruments that deal specifically with issues pertaining to women.”

    2018-10-25 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8382 (2018) · source

31. “That will eliminate the disproportionate burden placed upon women in times of conf lictbecause of sexual exploitation and abuse, marginalization, forced displacement, loss of livelihood and decreased access to education, health care services and economic opportunities. Having women in leadership positions illustrates not only that governance and policymaking should be inclusive of women's voices but that women should also be key decision-makers. It further plays a role in gender mainstreaming through the strengthening of democratic processes to ensure the equality of women and that such processes are sensitive to women's needs and entrench women's perspectives and leadership roles.”

    2018-10-25 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8382 (2018) · source

32. “The Secretary-General's reform agenda, with its focus on conflict prevention as the core pillar, can be enhanced by focusing attention on the women and peace and security agenda. The focus on women's contribution to conflict prevention should not detract from our commitment to including women in all areas of peace processes. In that regard, my delegation welcomes the recent adoption of the Declaration of Shared Commitments on United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. The Declaration reiterates commitments made by Member States to implementing the women and peace and security agenda and its priorities.”

    2018-10-25 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8382 (2018) · source

33. “We would like to congratulate you, Sir, and the Bolivian delegation on the professional manner in which you have been conducting the work of the Council for this month. Focusing on the political and economic inclusion of women during peace initiatives is most appropriate. Research conducted by UN-Women has shown that when women are included and participate in peace processes, there is a significant increase in the possibility of peace agreements leading to sustained peace. It is generally understood that their participation improves the chances of dispute resolution and provides a safe space for women and girls to report allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse.”

    2018-10-25 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8382 (2018) · source

34. “Furthermore, I would like to reiterate my delegation's commitment to continuing to work on this matter within the United Nations and other multilateral forums to seek ways of countering in a fair and equitable manner the threat posed to international peace and security by this conflict.”

    2018-10-18 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8375Resumption1 (2018) · source

35. “We reaffirm that the responsibility for attaining peace is primarily in the hands of the people of Palestine and Israel. We, as part of the international community, should support and encourage the parties in that endeavour. The international legal framework for those negotiations has been set. They include the relevant General Assembly and Security Council resolutions, the Madrid principles, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Quartet road map, to name but a few. However, we should also acknowledge that the situation cannot continue as usual and that a much needed impetus is required to get the peace process back on track. In conclusion, my delegation believes that dialogue and negotiation remain the only way to find a lasting solution in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.”

    2018-10-18 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8375Resumption1 (2018) · source

36. “South Africa wishes to emphasize the importance of the greater inclusion of women in the peace process, because there is a growing recognition that the activism of women and their leadership accelerate initial peace efforts and that marginalizing women only weakens the prospects for peace. We also acknowledge the role of women's non-violent activism for peace in both societies and believe that those initiatives should be drawn on to create the much needed good will and commitment to boosting the prospects for peace. It is clear that peace and security throughout the Middle East will not be attained without peace between IsraelandPalestine,asitremainsacentralsourceofdiscord and conflict among the diverse peoples of the region.”

    2018-10-18 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8375Resumption1 (2018) · source

37. “The people of Palestine continue to look to the international community, in particular the United Nations, to help them realize their right to self- determination. After all, we, the United Nations, agreed in 1947 to establish two independent States, the independent State of Israel and the free and independent State ofPalestine, living side by side. The State ofIsrael was established, but 71 years later the Palestinian State is just a dream. We must do all we can to consolidate our solidarity and work towards a just and sustainable solution for the Palestinian people.”

    2018-10-18 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8375Resumption1 (2018) · source

38. “South Africa welcomes recent pledges made to support UNRWA, and it affirms that such humanitarian support creates the conditions that could one day assist the full-fledged self-determination and ultimate prosperity of the Palestinian people. The vast majority of Palestine's population have lived their entire lifetime under Israeli occupation. For over half a decade, Palestinians have been denied their dignity and fundamental rights to free movement, education, health care and even the right to life. The longer we proceed without progress in the Middle East peace process, the more unmanageable the negative impacts will be, not only for the people of Palestine, but also for the region and the world.”

    2018-10-18 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8375Resumption1 (2018) · source

39. “In that regard, we wish to once again recognize the importance of the work of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), which has provided crucial socioeconomic assistance to Palestinian refugees for decades. Cuts in the budget of UNRWA threaten the lives of many vulnerable people and undermine any confidence in achieving a resolution to the conflict. Punishing civilians by cutting off humanitarian funding cannot in any way be conceived as moving the peace process forward. By reducing funding, it is almost as if we were insinuating that people chose to live in conditions such as those.”

    2018-10-18 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8375Resumption1 (2018) · source

40. “A resolution on final status issues, including the status of Jerusalem, the fate of Palestinian refugees and Israeli settlements, as well borders and security issues, cannot be imposed by external parties. Peace negotiations are delicate and challenging processes that require that trust and goodwill be developed between the parties in order to be successful. We stress that the fate of the parties to such processes cannot be decided by external actors. Unfortunately, the expansion of Israeli settlements and the continued military belligerence on the part of the Israeli Defence Force does nothing to create the trust and goodwill needed to move the process forward. It only furthers the negative externalities, such as the perpetuation of the Palestinian refugee crisis.”

    2018-10-18 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8375Resumption1 (2018) · source

41. “South Africa would like to thank Bolivia for organizing this important quarterly open debate on the situation in the Middle East with a particular focus on the Palestinian/Israeli situation. We would also like to extend our appreciation to the Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process for his informative briefing. South Africa is deeply concerned about the deteriorating situation in Palestine, which has been allowed to grow worse as a result of the complete lack ofprogress in the peace process. At the heart of finding a genuine resolution to the conflict is the need for the parties to come together to decide the most contentious issues between them. That can only be achieved after a process of trust has been built and a genuine commitment to peace has been shown.”

    2018-10-18 · UN Security Council · Security Council, S/PV.8375Resumption1 (2018) · source