YouSaid · the spoken record

Zack Polanski

lines on the record: 83
first: 2025-12-01
most recent: 2025-12-01
sittings or episodes: 1
sources: podcast

Every line below is reproduced as it was said and linked to the record it came from. Nothing here is summarised or generated. Directory · Search · Corrections

“No, because I've lived in London for ages by that point, almost like 10, 15 years. And I think there's a census of London though that people are transitional and we accept people. But what was really clear to me at those times and those debates, Natalie was really, really impressive. There was so much she said that I thought I really, really agree with this. I kept going home to my partner and saying to him, they're really right about everything.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I say to liberal Democrats as a member, what can I do to make sure there's a vote? And they're like, just nothing. They're going to do what they want. So I challenge Ed Davey of all people on this. And effectively, then there is a vote later on. But I think there's this kind of increasing sense that there isn't true grassroots democracy here. I then meet Sean Berry and Natalie Bennett, two former leaders of the Green Party. In fact, there's a better story than that just before that. So the first time I meet Natalie Bennett is because I'm doing a debate for the LibDems. No one from a Lib Dems wants to debate for the Lib Dems. I'm tremendously inexperienced. So I have my first debate with Natalie Bennett and Keir Starmer. And we have about 20 debates together because Keir's not yet an MP, so he's getting round Camden.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Well, I remember visiting the Occupy movement, so that must have been what, 2009, 10, and being really interested in what they were doing, but then being tuned off as soon as it started to talk about party politics and winning over electoral politics, because I remember thinking and really enjoying the kind of the grassroots nature of people coming together and having citizens' assemblies and meeting together. So then I got disconnected from it. Anyway, the real answer to your question is Tim Farron, which is at that time he was seen to be the leader of the left, as in he was going to be this big new thing for the Lib Dems. And I was so excited when he was elected. I thought everything's going to be great. Day one, he can't answer the question if gay sex is a sin or not. I remember feeling pretty disillusioned. A few months go by, then there is a military intervention in Syria or a planned one. There's not going to be a vote on it. It seems to me fundamentally undemocratic that our elected representatives aren't going to vote on things, particularly from the background I've come from, which is community theatre, which is about empowering grassroots.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Absolutely. So, other than doing this Theatre for your press work, I had no party political experience. In fact, I used to be ashamed to say it, but I've started to own it. If you'd asked me a few years earlier who've a leader of the opposition, I wouldn't have known. I was so uninterested in party politics. I just thought it was nonsense. The only thing I saw, which I think is for lots of people, was Prime Minister's questions, two people screaming at each other, no sense of compassion or value or anyone actually caring about things, but just theatre. And I thought, if we're going to create theater, let's create theater that actually means something.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“In 2015. Quite. So there's two things here. One, I absolutely believed the myth that a national economy is like a household budget. And I think that's one of the most fundamental metaphors in politics that needs to be eroded.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, I felt like they were fundamentally authoritarian. I still very much feel that actually if there is a moment of true democracy in grassroots, that's seen as chaotic and unwieldy and politicians don't like that because they're not in control. There's kind of that lack of Machiavellian, you move this piece, then they move that piece. I'm someone who really, really enjoys a space where actually I guess it's maybe coming from creative arts, where things are happening that are unexpected. And I'm just responding to them with my values and working to take people with me.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“The international with ex Israeli combatants and ex Palestinian combatants, which was my first kind of foray into some of the Israeli politics as well. I was doing all of that and I loved it. And to my colleagues who still do that, I think it's some of the best work you can do. And I also felt like it had reached a point where despite the fact it seemed collectivist, what I was really saying to people was if you're empowered enough and articulate enough, you can get through anything. I was working with a group of black women where I was looking at them and I was thinking, the system is so fundamentally broken. You can be brilliant articulators of your position and you can ask for allyship, but the system is fundamentally broken in terms of the inequality towards you.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, the trade union movement, I think I was definitely always interested in because that felt to me, you know, I just said proportional representation, what I'm really talking about is democracy and grassroots movements. If I can rewind one minute back to even before I got into the Lib Dems, so I was working as a community theatre actor doing something called Theatre of the Oppressed. So this began in the 1970s. Obviously, I wasn't there in the 70s in South America, in the favelas, some of the poorest areas. And it was where actors would go into a community. And the audience weren't allowed to be called spectators. They were spect actors. So they had to be involved in the theater that was happening. So they would watch scenes of oppression that they had described. And then Bawal called this rehearsing the revolution. He would say to people, don't complain, don't moan. What would you do if you were in this situation and how can the community support each other? So you would do it over and over again until you rehearsed how you would challenge power and authority. So when I was doing it as an actor, interestingly, I was working with migrants, working with disabled people, and actually I did one project with Amnesty.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Well, I'd want a diplomatic relationship with Donald Trump. So actually, it was much more nuanced what I was saying. I was saying the state visit was outrageous to roll out a red carpet, the amount that was spent on security. That's different to a diplomatic relationship. I definitely have a diplomatic relationship with any president, any prime minister. I've been criticized by some on the left because I included Israel in that. But what I would say to that is if you don't have a diplomatic relationship with another elected official, are you going to war with them? Are you invading? Like, I don't know what it looks like if you don't have a diplomatic relationship. That diplomatic relationship doesn't definitely not mean your best friends or you're sharing arms or even less so that you're trading with them. It just means as simple as, are you speaking to them? Are you listening? And by the way, I include President Putin in that, for which, again, I've been heavily criticized for, but it seems genuinely sociopathic to me or certainly xenophobic.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“But crucially, the most marginalized person in the group, we're making sure that their space is a space where they feel free to express themselves and they feel free that they're not being personally attacked and they don't feel unsafe in those space. Those are complex, but I believe that we're big enough and smart enough to do.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Well, this is what I was exactly going to get to because I wanted to reference why I didn't accept a spectator award and apparently do the Hartley Brewer collected it for me, which is excellent trolling. But the reason why I didn't accept it was I thought, you know, it's not a space that I want to go into. So that doesn't mean I will get this why I want to get into universities. That's different. I think we've all got choices about what we listen to, where we engage and where we go to. As a politician, though, or at a university, I think it is important to stretch yourself because you always want to be having new ideas and listening to new ideas. So in a university, I think we're getting to the difference between someone's belief, which I think people can believe what they want no matter how offensive and someone's action or behavior. And I think when it moves into the places of harassment or where someone is feeling unsafe, and I accept that you're saying as a lecturer, you feel unsafe. So this has to work both ways. How are we treating each other? And how are we creating spaces where we can have nuanced and complex conversations where people can be offended?”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And so I've decided to keep that podcast as a place where I can have these more nuanced conversations because people are telling me over and over again how lovely it is to listen to a podcast. And I imagine they get a similar feeling with this one where people disagree respectfully. There isn't the shouting and the arguing that drives kind of traditionally drove content and social media. But actually people are enjoying just as much hearing more complex conversations about difficult issues. So that's the first thing. I think there's a space to cancel people and go, you're not even canceling them. You're just not inviting them in the first place and you're going, actually, this is a space where you're not necessarily going to find something that offend you or you find difficult. It's just going to be a bit more nuanced.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Are smarter on the subject than they are in a way that I would take a briefing, but actually I just take the briefing publicly and they ask for questions I'd ask privately by asking publicly. So I'm educating and activating the kind of base who are watching me. And as I got a month into it, I just thought I spent so much time on other media organizations having these awful conversations where I'm not really getting my point across because I'm about to be interrupted in 30 seconds. And I've got very agile at dealing with that. And I love the compliments. But it's also, it's not a nuanced way of dealing with it. It's trick ways I learned to deal with it where we're not really talking about the question. I just get out of the question. Everyone thinks I've dealt with it brilliantly. And then we move on.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, so let's start with Michael Go because actually he edits the Spectator and they recently awarded me Leader of the Year. And I had a real moment where I said, you know, that's actually a very flattering, lovely thing to say. I also have no intention of engaging with a spectator. They pretty much put out hit pieces on me literally most days. And most days they're about personality things and not about policy. So I don't have a lot of time for that publication. At the same time, I recognize as a politician, I don't want to just talk to people who already agree with me. always want to be stretching out both what I believe and understand and what other people believe and understand. And I've really had this conversation on the podcast because when I first initially started it, I was going to invite people I vehemently disagree with and have debates with them because I know that's what people want to hear. And it's interesting and it stretches me and it stretches them. And for the first few podcasts, I just stayed in what I would say is a kind of more pleasant environment for me. I just got people in that I really respect for their expertise. And I just thought, what would it be if a politician just sat and listened to people who”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“So many things within our politics where politics and people's ideas and personalities get mixed, we end up in a dangerous place where institutions crumble.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I think it's an absurd accusation because I'm really proud of being Jewish. I do lots of work with the Jewish community. I'm always very happy to visit a synagogue or a community space. There's an amazing group called Namod, who are a group of British Jews against the occupation. I often go to meet with them during festivals. We broke bread together. We sing together. I'm not religious, but we pray together in terms of the tradition of praying together. And that's a beautiful community experience. I am outraged that there are British communal organizations. In fact, I'll go further. We have a chief rabbi who I think has more than overstepped the mark on many times where he's not speaking for the British Jewish community. He's certainly not speaking for me, but I don't think he's speaking for the wider community. He is clearly speaking in the interests of defending the Israeli government. Now, as a personal view, he's totally entitled to do that. And I'm totally entitled to disagree with him. But as someone with the role of chief rabbi to politicize what's happening in Israel as a defense of the Jewish community in Britain, I think is deeply damaging in the same way as”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Indeed. But on this particular issue, I feel very strongly about it. I'm really proud to be Jewish and to conflate anti-Semit”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I can tell you what I do on my best day and on my worst day. I take a deep breath. I engage with them. I have a compassionate conversation where it doesn't come from judgment and I'm listening and I'm not trying to win a point. I rarely do that. I've done it before and very often it feels like it's not coming from good faith. And so when someone's attacking me and I feel like they're just trying to score a political point, I meet fire with fire. And frequently they lose. That's quite a bit.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Me, I'm choosing every single word right now carefully that I'm speaking like a politician, not the human being that I normally pride myself on being first and the politician afterwards. And the reason why I'm doing it is because I'm so aware that in a conversation about Judaism and Israel, we can be called anti-Semites so quickly if we just step on the eggshell that's somewhere. Now I think it's good for people to be considerate. I think we should all consider our words. And I do consider my words. But it shows the kind of internal fear I had that even as a Jewish person speaking to another Jewish person, I thought I don't want to say anything that is endlessly clipped where people go, see, he's Jewish and he's an anti-Semite. And I think it's for culture that has been bred in this country and not just with anti-Semitism, but lots of different issues where people are terrified to talk about the issue for fear of offending someone. Now, before I sound like I'm going on a kind of cancel culture gone mad tangent, I'm not at all. I think people should be compassionate and respectful.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, I think it's horrendous for anyone to be going through any suffering. And I think that's the first thing to come from is a place of compassion. I think there's a legitimate criticism that I could talk about Sudan more and maybe we can now. I also think there is a difference here. One, because I'm Jewish, and although, again, to repeat, I don't have a responsibility to talk about Israel, I've chosen to not allow people to use other people's Jewish identity to say that everyone is defending the Israeli government's, again, ongoing genocide. So it felt important to come in there. I think the second thing to say with that is, so I have a podcast myself. There's an episode that's about to come out with a woman called Rachel Shabby, who wrote a book about anti-Semitism. And this is two Jewish people having a conversation about anti-Semitism. You might notice that I'm a quick talker. I think Fastener just prefers to communicate. And as long as people understand me, which I think they do, I don't think it matters with speed you're talking. I noticed when I was doing that interview how slow I was talking and how slow she was talking. So I called it out, not for her, but I said for me.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“For the Green Party. So I was taking a position that I didn't necessarily, in fact, I thought would be unpopular in the Jewish community from experiences I've had, but I think it's a politician's job to tell the truth and not to always go to where people are at, but to say, this is what I believe. I'm listening to you, I'm not lecturing you, but I'm not going to shift what I believe and let's work together through narrative to bring you to where I think you should be. But it turns out that's been happening anyway since 2024, more and more Jewish people in Britain are saying, I'm deeply uncomfortable with what's happening in Israel. I'm going to speak out against it.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“To be Jewish, and I'm not here to answer questions about Israel. And some journalists reasonably would say, but it's a country in the world, you must have opinions. I said, that's fine as long as you ask me about my opinions on other countries, but you can't expect me as a Jewish person to be an expert on Israel. I've now changed that a little bit. I don't think it's a responsibility of any Jewish person to speak out against Israel's ongoing crimes. But I do feel like as an elected politician who has a leadership role and is in the Jewish community to have spoken out against the genocide in ways that are nuanced and complex, but recognize that the genocide for me is not complex. It's not me saying that. It's pretty much every scholar of genocide around the world saying this. And the UN. And just a final thing to say because I can see you're dying to come in, is it's interesting. There was an article yesterday that came out in The Guardian that showed the amount of British Jews that have moved to the Green Party, and interestingly to reform. I think the headline was slightly misleading because the disparity is much more significant.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Narrative of Israel needs to be defended. Israel's under attack all of the time. And narratives are always a little bit of nuance and truth in everything. But just listening to their experiences and just knowing as I looked at them and had questions to ask, then none of my questions made any sense. None of them were coherent because actually everything they said I knew was true. And actually what I've been doing was denying it to myself because of the uncomfortability of sitting in that moment and the uncomfortability of your worldview or things that you really believe changing. Now I should say it's not that, you know, I grew up in Jewish school, but it's not like I was a huge defender of Israel and it would have been fine if I was. It's fine for people to change their mind. But it wasn't even that strong in me. It was always something that I just pushed down as was not my thing to talk about. And I hadn't had a lot of media interviews at that time. I wasn't even an elected politician, but even in that run-up to the election, I remember being asked a few times about Israel. And my answer always was that I'm Jewish. I'm not a Jewish politician. I'm a politician that happens.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, absolutely Yeah, so I guess if I start from the beginning of the question and I'll come to this bit, which is as I say, I grew up in the Drish School. I felt strongly connected to Israel. I've never actually visited Israel, but I think, again, it's a very common experience in Jewish communities that you grow up knowing that Israel is the place that people fled to with the exact stories I was just talking about, about Jewish diaspora and displacement. And that was until fairly recently actually. And then around, I think it was 2019, 2020 had just been elected for the London Assembly. And a group got in touch with me called Breaking the Silence, which is a group of ex-IDF soldiers who were speaking out against the occupation. This was before the terrorist attack on October 7th and before the ongoing genocide. Obviously, things did not start on October 7th. This is a whole history of struggle and oppression. And I sat down and listened to them. And I felt myself getting defensive over what they were saying in the meeting, just internal feelings of this is so different to the narrative that I've grown up with and then.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“He's dead now, so I'm careful with my words because he's not here to defend himself, but that I didn't get on with. And so it just felt important to get a new name”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And then also just on the name change, because people then go, Well, what about your first name as well? Because I went from David to Zach. And really it was two things. The main thing was I had a stepfather who I really didn't get on with, to put it lightly, who was called David. And people used to say to my mom, oh, is this big David a little David? And suddenly I was like the little version of this man. I absolutely.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Very Jewish town, in fact, I think entirely Jewish, gets displaced because of the pogroms. Again, a very common story in Jewish ancestry. End up in Ukraine. Again, that feels particularly relevant at the moment. More pogroms. So we flee again. them fleeing the Nazis and then end up in the UK. Now, the really interesting bit about this story is I grew up knowing this story, but I've been told that we'd changed our name to evade the Nazis in Germany or Poland. Then a few years later, find out, no, actually, it was when we arrived in the UK, it was to evade anti-Semitism in the UK. Interestingly, it turns out it probably wasn't Polanski. It was Polinski. And again, a very common experience of Jewish ancestry that because the documents are written and they're rushed, they say different things on different documents. But once I changed my name once, I was like, I'm not changing it again now.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Know the full story. Yeah, yeah. And I think what you said was totally fine. And I think it's also right to ask for the full story. I think the first thing to say is it's a very common experience to lots of Jewish people that so might go right back to my ancestry. We're in Latvia.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“What it was was alongside being gay, alongside not feeling like I particularly belonged at school that was just kind of a mess of experiences. Everything changed when I came out. And actually everything changed when I was disinvited from staying at the school I was at. And suddenly I went to a public college which Daniels and Marple started to study drama, met my tribe. Being gay was no longer a kind of secret or a bad thing. In fact, I was the coolest kid in town because I was gay. And Russell T. Davis's queerest folk was just coming out. And so I think it was a real moment where being gay was seen as a superpower if you actually owned it. And I remember that time being incredibly thrilling.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, so my parents got divorced when I was 11. They're quite private people, so I'm cautious about talking about that divorce too much. But in terms of the experience on me, it was pretty devastating. I had a journalist. I won't name them yesterday who asked me like four or five times what the experience of having divorced parents was like. And I was like, it was awful. And they were like, can you tell me more about that? And I was like, you can speak to pretty much any kid of divorce parents. I'm sure sometimes they're, you know, the divorce goes well and the kid is fine. But generally, it's not a good experience for anyone involved. And I think the particular thing, it was just a very logistical thing. I had a father in South Manchester, a mother in North Manchester who weren't talking to each other for a while. And so just long bus routes of, you know, an hour and a half at weekends of staying with one of them for the weekend and then on a Monday. I'm not pretending this is unique to me.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“About 14, so it's pretty, pretty young, not to my parents, but to the school. And I think it was a sense of I'm being bullied anyway. Don't have any friends in that school. Might as well just tell the truth. And it's interesting because it's not a million miles away from some of my media strategy at the moment with some of the more kind of hard rights stuff where they just come at you over your smile, over the gaps in my teeth. And you just go, actually, if you own it, how can anyone attack you? Like, I love my smiles. They can talk about it as much as they want. I think it's often a distraction from actually talking about substance or policies. And I think some of that developed. It's hard to go. This was a significant event in your life that made you the politician you are. And you always say politicians do that. And they always just think sounds like bullshit to me. I think we're an accumulation of lots of different experiences.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, I think it was hugely that. And also, yeah, it wasn't so much anti-Semitism at that point, although it was certainly more internal to have gone from a Jewish school to something being a school where not everyone was Jewish. And so that brought beautiful things with it in terms of different communities coming together. But I think I definitely felt a sense of being kind of a fish out of water.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Indeed, exactly. I need to work on that, but I think there's something there right there. I grew up in a Jewish community, so I went to Jewish school. I then went to a secondary school where it was private and I was on a scholarship. I was really badly bullied at that school. One thing I do want to say, though, without tangenting too much, is the head teacher of that school wrote to me recently and said two things. One, we've put in different safeguarding measures now for LGBT kids in particular. Would you like to come and visit? And I'm hoping to kind of find out what they're doing. And two, you wouldn't believe how much media have written to us to ask about your days at school. And we've chosen to keep your anonymity or to, you know, to keep you safeguarded. So thank you very much for the school.”
2025-12-01 · The Rest Is Politics: Leading · 164. Zack Polanski: Do The Greens Have What It Takes? · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source