Ryan Turnbull
Whitby, Ontario · Liberal · Canada
“Mr. Speaker, before I get started, I will just let you know that I will be sharing my time with the member for Beauport—Limoilou . I am pleased to rise today to debate Bill C-30 , which is an act to implement certain provisions of the spring economic update tabled in Parliament on April 28.”
“This would provide a savings of 10¢ per litre on gasoline and four cents per litre on diesel from April 20, 2026, through to Labour Day. The bill would also extend the suspension of the excise tax to aviation fuel over the same period to help mitigate the very high costs of jet fuel.”
“Mr. Speaker, it is good to be here in the very last moments before the House rises for the summer. I know that there are a large number of farms in the member opposite's riding. There are farm succession plans all across this country, and farmers do struggle with succession, so I understand the issue the member is speaking about.”
“Mr. Speaker, I would just say that it has become apparent in the House, through question period and many of the proceedings, that the Conservatives claim that they are about protecting and supporting vulnerable people, but in fact, they just seem to use those people's hardship for political gain.”
“It includes suspending the excise tax on fuel and extending that to aviation fuel. It includes a cap on the excise tax for alcohol, wine, spirits and beer. Craft brewers have been asking for this. Obviously, it would be capped at 2% of the escalator on the excise tax on alcohol.”
“It is a measure I have supported from day one because it offers owners of businesses that are small- to medium-sized, or they could be larger, the opportunity, when they want to sell the business, to protect those businesses and also to hand them down to workers.”
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“Mr. Speaker, as usual, Conservatives in the House complain every day but they do not have any plan to support Canada's prosperity. They do not have any plan to support Canadian workers and families, and they vote against every single measure we put forward. We are making generational investments in this country. Just take the 15 major projects that have been announced. That is going to be $125 billion of new investment and 60,000 jobs. Just take the defence industrial strategy. That is 125,000 jobs. The Canada summer jobs program is 100,000 jobs. Those are all tangible programs and initiatives that—”
“Mr. Speaker, being in a trade war means that we are all rightly concerned about jobs in Canada. On this side, we want workers across the country to have good incomes and high-paying careers for generations. That is exactly what Canadians need. Unlike the Conservatives, we do not just wail and scream in the House. We are doing the hard work to support workers. We are investing in recruiting, training and hiring up to 100,000 more skilled trades workers, and we have supported Canada summer jobs, which has increased and has offered 100,000 youth jobs across the country. That is how we build Canada strong. That is how we support workers.”
“Mr. Speaker, I understand the member opposite's concern for our youth, and I empathize with our youth. What I cannot understand is this. The member from Oshawa can go visit Ontario Power Generation and see the jobs that are being created in our region with the new nuclear project at Darlington. That is 21,700 jobs and a $2 billion investment through the government's efforts that she voted against. How can that member stand here and lecture us about youth jobs in our region and in our country yet vote against the very supports that are creating good, skilled trades jobs across our region?”
“Mr. Speaker, families in my riding of Whitby are working hard, but rising costs are certainly stretching their budgets. This spring's economic update responds to that reality with action and tangible help that people can count on. It would deliver a new federal benefit this year for almost $1,900 for the average family to help them with the cost of groceries, along with real relief at the pumps, saving 10¢ a litre for daily commuters. It would also protect families from unfair banking fees and help workers keep more of their hard-earned paycheques through lower Canada pension plan contributions, while offering higher tax deductions for tradespeople who must relocate for work. It would also accelerate over $7 billion in financing to build more homes faster and offer support to recruit, train and hire up to 1,000 new skilled trades workers.”
“Mr. Speaker, perhaps I should say that, if we are focused on illusions, the Conservatives are delusional. I am thinking of a group therapist I could refer to them. While Conservatives wail and scream in the House every day and claim to care about affordability, our government is taking tangible measures and steps toward cutting taxes and alleviating the cost of living pressures on Canadians. We have suspended the excise tax on fuel, cut the consumer carbon tax, cut the income tax for 22 million Canadians, capped the excise tax on alcohol, cut taxes for mineral and critical mineral exploration, cut taxes for businesses to invest in—”
“How can they not support workers across this country while standing up and saying that they care about families, affordability and industries that are affected by tariffs that the United States has put on us? How can they not support workers? How are they going to vote?”
“Mr. Speaker, actions speak louder than words, and what we see is that the words of Conservatives in this House do not match how they vote. They do not support any of the measures our government has put forward. How are they going to vote on the spring economic update? That is what I would like to know. There are 80,000 to 100,000 new skilled trades workers hanging in the balance in terms of support: a $10,000 incentive for a small or medium-sized company to hire an apprentice, $400 a week up to about $16,000 for a new apprentice, plus a completion bonus of $5,000 for 80,000 to 100,000 workers. How are the Conservatives going to vote? The Conservatives have said in the House that they do not support these investments in the workforce in Canada.”
“We have fiscal strength. The IMF said recently that we have the strongest fiscal position in the G7 and that we should use our fiscal capacity, which is exactly what the federal government is doing. I know Conservatives would never invest in Canadians. They do not believe in Canadians. They do not believe in boosting the economy. That is not the Liberal Party's position. Our position is to use our fiscal capacity to boost our economy. We see those investments coming to fruition and manifesting good-paying jobs for generations to come. That is the prosperity we are building. That is how we build Canada strong, and we are not going to back down just because Conservatives talk a good game in this House.”
“It is true, as we offer investment tax credits for businesses and waive, or increase deductions for, certain kinds of expenses, or as we help tradespeople who are moving across the country, relocating for work, by allowing them to deduct more of those expenses, that it is more complex for Canadians. However, we have also moved forward with an automatic tax filing system and initiative that will help millions of Canadians who, for the many accessing federal benefits and supports, rely on filing their taxes. We know full well that it will help with simple tax filings. It also means that other Canadians will be able to get access to benefits because it better utilizes government resources to help those with the simplest tax filings to access the tax benefits and federal payments they are eligible for. We are stepping up to help out.”
“I think there might have been one they allowed to pass, but I am sure if they could have blocked them, they would have done so, because that is exactly what we see in this House: the Conservatives obstructing and voting against the very things that help Canadians, whether it is child care or a national school food program, a groceries and essentials benefit, an income tax cut, suspending the fuel excise tax, and on and on. Every single measure we put forward that actually helps to tangibly reduce the cost of living pressures on Canadians, they vote against and oppose. I do not know how they can stand up in the House and say they actually care about households and the cost of living. The other thing the member opposite suggested is that the tax system has become more complex.”
“Clearly, Mr. Speaker, Canadians are navigating a rapidly changing, increasingly fragmented and volatile global economy, one that is more complex, more unpredictable and, for many, more costly as well. In response, our government continues to focus on what we can control, which is building a strong Canadian economy and diversifying our trade partners abroad. We see signs of progress, with 20 new trade and security agreements signed and a 36% increase in non-U.S. trade, which is significant. We are also focused on delivering responsible fiscal management and supporting Canadians who are under pressure from everyday expenses. Just last week, on Friday, I had the opportunity to list 19 different tax cuts that our government has made. There was no response from the Conservatives, of course, because they did not support 99% of them.”
“They have been slowing it down for way too long. Let them get out of the cheap seats and actually do something to help Canadians.”
“Mr. Speaker, that is exactly what we have been doing: working with law enforcement and with police associations across the country. We have had tons of testimonials over and over again for these two bills. I have talked to my police association; to my father, who is an ex-homicide detective; and to many other police across this country who have been asking to pass these two bills. In addition, the women's organizations in my region have been asking us to pass the protecting victims act, and they support the work of the government. Why does the member opposite continue to claim false things in the House, saying we do not care, when we have put the solutions on paper, have done the work in committee and have passed the bills through the House? Conservative senators have been blocking the legislation and trying to slow it down.”
“Let us be clear: The only thing standing between Canadians and stronger protections right now is Conservative delay. If the member opposite truly cared about victims of extortion, she would use her rhetoric and her actual influence inside her party to make sure these bills get passed. Tonight when she goes home, we hope she will pick up the phone and tell her Conservative colleagues in the Senate to stop blocking these bills, which she has been doing, and urge them to pass Bill C-14 both at committee and at third reading, before this Friday, or she will continue to say one thing here while her colleagues ensure that nothing actually gets done. The legislation is here. The solution is here. The only question is whether the members opposite will finally stop their obstruction and start standing with Canadians and the victims of extortion.”
“We are shutting that pipeline down before more lives are pulled into it. Here is something Canadians must know. These bills were introduced last fall, last year. Canadians expected urgency, but what they got from the Conservatives is delay, obstruction and political gamesmanship, all while they stood in the House pretending to be tough on crime. Now the same pattern is repeating itself in the Senate, where a Conservative senator has recently claimed there is no timeline to pass Bill C-14 and bring it back to the House for final stage. This is despite overwhelming support from all 10 premiers, from police chiefs across the country, from frontline officers I have talked to and from business leaders across this country who are dealing with extortion in real time.”
“It would mandate strict bail conditions for people accused of extortion and organized crime, including weapons prohibitions and geographic restrictions. It would introduce a reverse onus for extortion involving violence, shifting the burden so that the people accused must justify their release instead of the Crown having to justify their detention, and it would ensure that sentences for extortion and arson are served consecutively, because escalating violence deserves escalating consequences, period. Bill C-16 would go even further by addressing how criminal networks operate. It would create a new stand-alone offence to target people who recruit young people into committing crimes like extortion. These criminals are not just breaking the law; they are grooming young people to do their work for them.”
“Mr. Speaker, I welcome the opportunity to rise today to speak about an issue that Canadians are no longer willing to tolerate: the surge of extortion that is targeting our communities, our businesses and our families. Crime has evolved, and frankly, our laws did not keep pace quickly enough. That is a reality, but unlike the members opposite, we are not interested in pointing fingers and walking away. We are taking responsibility and fixing the issue. This is why we introduced Bill C-14 , the bail and sentencing reform act, and Bill C-16 , the protecting victims act, two of the most consequential proposed reforms to the Criminal Code in a generation. Bill C-14 would give tools to provincial judges and police officers to put repeat and violent extortionists in jail, where they belong.”
“We are also seeing lots of change within the economy and the highest foreign direct investment in almost two decades. The member opposite should understand that those things are really good news for this country and for all Canadians as we build a prosperous Canada.”
“Mr. Speaker, I am glad the member has adopted the “Canada Strong” message on behalf of the government. I appreciate her finally contributing to a plan that will make our economy stronger. As I have said, we are moving forward from a position of strength. That gives us the fiscal capacity to do the things that we have proposed to do and that we are actually implementing, including major investments in defence infrastructure and housing, which will be boosting innovation and productivity across the country. The spring economic update shows very clearly that progress is being made. We have $11 billion less of a deficit and the average yearly increase of government spending has come down from 8% to 2%. Over the next three years, it will come to a 0% increase.”
“That is a trend that has been continuing to increase year over year for three years now. That is good news for Canadians. I know we all can agree that productivity needs to continue to rise in order to see that standard of living rise as well, which is what Canadians all want to see.”
“We are really seeking to catalyze $1 trillion in investment. We are well on our way. We have seen a lot of commitments to invest in Canada. The UAE has committed $70 billion. Australian investors have committed $10 billion. We have $125 billion for 15 major projects that we will see creating about 60,000 or more jobs across Canada. These are results Canadians can bank on. We are also seeing some of the results of productivity-boosting deductions that we have offered businesses that are investing in R and D, IP protection, new information technology within their businesses and the like. There are a number of different tax deductions that we have offered, which are allowing businesses to invest in themselves, in turn boosting productivity and the economy. We are seeing wages double at the pace of inflation.”
“We had that confirmed by the bank governor today at the finance committee who said the same, that we are the envy of many other countries. Our government is committed to reducing spending on government operations. We have generated $60 billion in savings over five years to ensure public funds are focused on high-impact priorities rather than administrative costs. We also have moved forward with a capital budgeting framework so that a greater portion of the investments the government is making can be seen to be revenue-generating and separated out with respect to reporting, in order to understand their impact. We are focused on high-impact priorities, including building more homes, advancing major nation-building projects, strengthening our defence industry and unlocking private investment across the country.”
“Inflation remains within the Bank of Canada's target range. Investment and business confidence are recovering after two massive shocks: the oil price shock and the tariff war before it. The strong fundamentals that we reported on in the spring economic update allow us to make smart, targeted choices without compromising fiscal discipline. Fiscal responsibility means making sure every dollar works harder for Canadians. That is why our government is preserving fiscal sustainability for future generations, keeping debt manageable and maintaining Canada's long-standing fiscal advantage among G7 countries. The member opposite will note that the IMF has recently said that Canada has the strongest fiscal position in the G7.”
“Mr. Speaker, I am really glad to be here this evening to answer the member for Algonquin—Renfrew—Pembroke's question. While she is very entertaining in her remarks, Canadians know that these are uncertain times and that global volatility is something our government takes seriously. Responsible leadership is really what matters more than ever. Around the world, inflation, conflict and economic volatility are putting pressure on families and governments alike. In response, our government is focused on what we can control, which is managing public finances responsibly while investing where it matters most. That is exactly what the spring economic update delivers or at least shows progress on. Canada enters this moment from a position of strength. Our economy has proven more resilient than anticipated in the face of global disruption.”
“Mr. Speaker, the Parliamentary Budget Officer says Canada's fiscal indicators are good. The Bank of Canada governor has said he is encouraged by the federal government's efforts. That is because the Canadian economy is stronger and more resilient than anticipated, with $11 billion less of a deficit, inflation within the Bank of Canada's target, and the highest foreign direct investment in nearly two decades. We still enjoy a AAA credit rating. Wages are growing faster than inflation, and the IMF says Canada has the strongest fiscal position in the G7. Those things do not happen by accident. They are proof that our plan is working.”
“Madam Speaker, we will not apologize for building a stronger Canada. That is exactly what this government was elected to do, and that is exactly the plan we are implementing. The spring economic update showed that there is $11 billion less of a deficit. We are sticking to the fiscal guardrails and ensuring that we manage the resources of the federal government and the Canadian taxpayer responsibly. We have also cut the excise tax on fuel, which will help with groceries around the country and transportation costs. We have brought in an immediate expensing for greenhouses. The strategic response fund was given $500 million for agri-food businesses. We have offered a—”
“Madam Speaker, I want to thank the member for her advocacy. Making the employee ownership trust tax exemption permanent will help more workers share in the success of the businesses they help build. This change allows employers long-term certainty when succession planning, and it allows employees the opportunity to access wealth-building opportunities through collective ownership. We will continue to build a stronger economy and protect our sovereignty. Making this tax exemption permanent will allow more workers to directly participate in the strength and prosperity that we are building across Canada.”
“Madam Speaker, let us get acquainted with the facts. I know it is very hard for the Conservatives to accept. The deficit is $11 billion lower than projected. Operational spending has gone from an average annual increase of 8% to 2%. We are on a declining deficit-to-GDP ratio over the planning horizon. Inflation in Canada has been within the Bank of Canada's target range for almost three years. We have a AAA credit rating, the highest credit rating of any country rating in the world. We have a higher per capita rate of job creation than the U.S., three times—”
“Madam Speaker, it is very hard to take the member opposite seriously when he mentions children being hungry, as he voted time and time again in this House, with his entire party, against a national school food program that would take 400,000 children out of food bank lineups. That is shameful. That is absolutely shameful that they would stand here and lecture us on feeding children across Canada. We have offered a Canada child benefit that puts hundreds of tax-free dollars into Canadians' pockets. We reduced the cost of child care and we have offered free lunches at school, and the members opposite opposed all of it.”
“Madam Speaker, the Conservatives have never met a fact they could not deny. The spring economic update shows $11 billion less of a deficit and strong fiscal guardrails. The International Monetary Fund recently stated that Canada has the strongest fiscal position in the G7. There is not only that: Headlines last night said that we have recently seen the largest monthly growth in the manufacturing industry in three years. Statistics Canada is projecting that Canada's annualized GDP growth for the first quarter in 2026 is 1.7%, which is beyond expectations. Even the Bank of Canada governor said he is encouraged by the direction the federal government is taking.”
“Madam Speaker, I had run out of time because there are so many tax cuts that our government has put in place that I just could not fit them in, so let me continue. We cut taxes for those who invest in clean technology, clean hydrogen and clean electricity, as well as for those who invest in carbon capture, utilization and storage. We cut taxes for employers who sell their small business to their employees. We cancelled the capital gains tax increase. We made it easier to access the disability tax credit. Canada has the most competitive tax rate in all of the G7, and we have made it easier for Canadians to file their taxes so they can take advantage of both tax deductions and federal—”
“Madam Speaker, the member said, “more taxes.” From my count, our government has put in place over 19 tax cuts. We are singularly focused on bringing down costs for Canadians. We have paused the excise tax on fuel and cut the consumer carbon tax. We have cut income tax. We have cut GST on new homes. We have cut tax for mineral and critical mineral exploration. We have cut tax for businesses that invest in R and D, new machinery, equipment, IP protection and IT networks. We cut taxes for tradespeople who have to travel for work and for those who invest in clean tech—”
“Madam Speaker, as we know, many Canadians borrow money in order to buy a home and build equity and financial stability for their future. The member should understand that there are ways we can build generational wealth in Canada and give Canadians the opportunity to participate in that.”
“Madam Speaker, I agree with the member that the government is making responsible decisions, whether it is investing in small craft harbours or sports from playground to podium. We are making it easier to access the disability tax credit. We are building a stronger Canada.”
“Madam Speaker, it is interesting to listen to the way the hon. member positions and contorts reality. When we look at what the government had projected in the previous budget, the spring economic update shows that we have $11.5 billion less of a deficit. That is due to the Canadian economy being more resilient. I do not know why the opposition is so triggered by this stuff. The International Monetary Fund would, arguably, be the world's expert at analyzing the global economy and nations' economies. It has said very specifically that Canada has the strongest fiscal position in the G7. I do not know how opposition members come into this House every day and talk down the Canadian economy. We have seen many signs of progress with foreign direct investment being at an 18-year high and wages doubling the rate of inflation.”
“Madam Speaker, I would have to look into that matter further and get back to the member because I am not aware of whether this particular section would be carved out of Bill C-30 . I think the proposition now is that the bill is packaged into one piece, but I would be happy to look into it and get back to the member.”
“It is going to add $38 billion to Canada's GDP over time. This is a good example of a project that will be highly revenue-generating and that many pension plans in Canada and around the world, such as the Canada Growth Fund, have invested in. The idea here is to make sure the Canadian public can also benefit from the prosperity and wealth that we are building together. That is exciting, and Canadians want to participate.”
“Madam Speaker, I thank my hon. colleague for the opportunity to speak to this a little more. In my view right now, Canadians across the country believe in our country and in the strength of our country. They are resilient, but they want to help build the strongest economy in the G7. They are aligned with that vision, and I think people want to participate meaningfully in that. The sovereign wealth fund would give them an opportunity, a retail opportunity, to invest small amounts of money that are highly protected from any downside risk and that will get high returns, based on investments across Canada in major pieces of infrastructure that I know many of us are very proud to see are starting to get built. In my area, at the Darlington new nuclear facility, four small modular reactors are getting built, with 21,700 jobs. It is exciting.”
“I must say, Madam Speaker, I wish my French was better so I could answer en français . I appreciate the member opposite's question. I enjoyed the time we spent on the agriculture and agri-food standing committee together. The agriculture industry is very important to me. What I can do is commit to speaking with the hon. member about his concerns and look into the very details of what he has brought forward today. I would be happy to do that with him after the session.”
“Madam Speaker, while I appreciate the member opposite's question, I think, just to clarify, what I said was that “we were cutting in half the excise duty rate on the first 15,000 hectolitres of beer brewed in Canada for two years,” so this is an extension of a previous measure, which does change the escalator. There are two different portions of this. The portion I am mentioning is geared toward craft brewers, but in general, we have decreased the escalator to 2%, or capped it at 2%. That is good news because what we have heard from our major brewers in Canada is that they budget for 2% excise duty, so it is exactly what they would expect and what they have asked for.”
“(1020) I know the opposition has to do its job and hold the government to account, but I think we can all agree that there are substantive, significant measures within this bill that would advance a plan for Canada that truly supports Canadians right across the country. I look forward to the support of my hon. colleagues and welcome any questions.”
“It means supporting Canadian workers, making it more economical for them to go where the jobs are and making it easier for them to manage the financing of home ownership. It also means advancing our mission to build Canada strong for all. I encourage my hon. colleagues to look at our government's plan in detail. I would similarly encourage them to carefully consider the measures in Bill C-30 and how they will advance our plan to build a stronger Canada. I encourage them, and I think this goes without saying, to join the government in advancing this plan. We will always welcome their support. It is never too late to have a change of heart.”
“This means agricultural producers would be allowed to fully write off investments in greenhouses that were acquired on or after November 4, 2025, and that become available for use before 2030. Supporting Bill C-30 also means supporting increased domestic supply and investment in food production over the medium term, which is a major focus for our government in the spring economic update. In conclusion, I hope I have conveyed, in my allotted time, that Bill C-30 means more than just supporting affordable food and fuel. It means helping key sectors of the economy through an ongoing challenge, or set of challenges, so they can thrive and grow, supporting the communities that depend on them.”
“Combined, these two support measures are expected to provide over $30 million in relief to the sector through 2028. Bill C-30 would make this extended support a reality. By extending this relief, Bill C-30 would be providing stability at a critical moment, helping small and medium-sized businesses focus on what matters most: growing their operations, supporting local workers and keeping our economy strong and resilient. I would also note that the bill would take action on the tax front to lower the cost of food production at this time of global uncertainty by implementing our government's commitment to introducing immediate expensing for greenhouse buildings.”
“We know, for example, that small brewers are particularly exposed to trade-related swings in commodity prices, as they do not enjoy the economies of scale that major industrial brewers enjoy. We know the industry is concerned about these developments, which is why we recently announced that Canada's new government will continue to support Canadian breweries by maintaining for an additional two years the 2% cap on excise duties for beer, spirits and wine. We similarly announced that we will also maintain for an additional two years the halving of the excise duty rates on the first 15,000 hectolitres of beer brewed in Canada. For a craft brewery, this second measure means up to about $90,000 in tax relief for the coming year. That is not small potatoes. That is significant support.”
“It was the right thing to do then, and there was tremendous support from the industry for this relief, which helped the sector weather a period of elevated inflation as economic conditions started to normalize. As we all know, the world is once again changing rapidly and unpredictably, bringing with it a new round of challenges for many industries, this industry included. Long-standing and fruitful trade relationships that countries have relied on for decades are being fundamentally reshaped by these global changes, leaving economies, businesses and workers under a cloud of uncertainty. Unfortunately, Canada is no exception in this regard, and that includes our craft brewing sector.”
“In past years, we saw the cost of those ingredients, like hops, barley and other grains, rise significantly due to global inflationary pressures stemming largely from COVID-19 supply chain disruptions, and this presented a real challenge for our brewers in Canada. That is why our government acted, back in March 2024, to extend budget 2023's 2% cap on the inflation adjustment for beer, spirits and wine excise duties. At the same time, we announced that we were cutting in half the excise duty rate on the first 15,000 hectolitres of beer brewed in Canada for two years, providing a craft brewery with up to $86,952 in additional tax relief in that tax year.”
“There is quite a number of craft brewers that I am quite proud of in my community of Whitby, and I want to see those craft brewers continue to thrive. The Canadian Craft Brewers Association estimates that there are currently nearly 1,200 small and independent craft breweries and brew pubs across Canada, and they are not just making world‑class products. They are the backbone of many communities, supporting thousands of jobs across the country and contributing significantly to local economies. (1015) What makes Canada's craft brewers so great, and popular, is the care and pride they take in producing their fine products and their understanding of the ingredients needed to make a product truly exceptional.”
“All told, it is estimated this would provide over $2.4 billion in total tax relief that would ease the pressure of higher fuel prices on Canadians in 2026, and once again, Bill C-30 would transform this relief into law. At the same time, this is not the only excise tax relief that Bill C-30 would deliver to bring down costs and support our economy through current challenges. It would also implement a two-year extension of the alcohol excise duty relief to protect brewers, distillers and winemakers during this period of global uncertainty. We know, for example, that Canada's small craft brewers are not only among the finest in the world, which I truly appreciate, but are also important contributors to a growing economy, creating jobs in communities across the country.”
“Military conflicts are disrupting global energy supply, pushing up prices worldwide and leaving Canadians and consumers around the world facing higher prices at the gas pump, creating uncertainty and pressure on household finances. That is why our government recently announced that it is taking action to help Canadians through these challenges by suspending the full amount of the federal fuel excise tax on gasoline and diesel fuel and aviation fuels from April 20 until Labour Day, which is September 7. By legislating this change, Bill C-30 would reduce pressure on prices at the pump and lower Canadians' bills at the gas station, with expected savings of up to $5.75 on a tank of gasoline and up to $2.30 on diesel when filling up a roughly 50‑litre tank of fuel.”