Alvin Tan
Singapore
“And if our companies can use Johor as a complementary base to scale, serve larger markets and strengthen their regional competitiveness while retaining their core capabilities here, that is also additive integration.”
“Sir, I have answered the Member's questions specific to HDB car parks. Specifically, I think, with the provision of hose reels, fire engine access, natural and mechanical ventilations that will help in the event of a fire, and that the HDB carparks must comply with these technical specifications and safety requirements under Technical Ref…”
“Sir, all Housing and Development Board (HDB) car parks are designed and constructed in compliance with the prevailing Fire Code stipulated by the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF). This includes provisions such as hose reels, fire engine access and natural or mechanical ventilation to disperse smoke and heat.”
“What was left unsaid was that in the emails and in the MP Appeal System (MPAS), the Member was informed that: one, he was aware of the fact that AVS had investigated the incident; he was aware of the processes; he was aware that AVS found no professional negligence or misconduct by the vet; he was aware and noted that AVS had found no rel…”
“As we have observed a growth in the range of animal-related services offered by non-vets that may pose a risk to animal health and welfare, Part 4 of the Bill will introduce various offences and penalties to safeguard against unlawful practice and misrepresentation by or about unauthorised persons.”
“Owners are responsible for providing for their pets' needs, including medical care. So, we strongly encourage prospective pet owners to thoroughly consider the full cost of raising a pet before committing to becoming a pet owner. Mr Deputy Speaker, Sir, vet professionals form an important pillar of our animal health and welfare system.”
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“And if our companies can use Johor as a complementary base to scale, serve larger markets and strengthen their regional competitiveness while retaining their core capabilities here, that is also additive integration. And if our region as a whole becomes more attractive to global investors and Singapore captures the higher-value parts of that value chain, that is also additive integration. This is the approach, Mr Speaker, that we are taking to ensure that regional integration benefits Singapore and Singaporeans. [(proc text) Question put, and agreed to. (proc text)] [(proc text) Resolved, "That Parliament do now adjourn." (proc text)] Adjourned accordingly at 7.23 pm.”
“We have spoken to the private sector players on both sides. And I think this is something which we can promote further to ensure that commerce flows on both sides. We will be sharing our findings and recommendations later this year. But I think we should be clear about the broader point. The way to respond to greater connectivity is not to retreat from competition, as the Member had alluded to; but to help our businesses to compete more effectively. Competition does not just come across from the Causeway. Already, it comes from digital platforms, international brands, AI-enabled services, e-commerce and changing consumer preferences. On his suggestions about different deals with the Malaysians, I think it is within their jurisdiction. I think we do what we can under the auspices of the JS-SEZ to ensure that our companies can invest there confidently and also anchor strong and high value activities here, complementing both Singapore and Malaysia, Singapore and Johor. Sir, the issue that we talked about this entire day is in fact not whether we should integrate with the region, but how we integrate with the region. The test is not whether every activity must be located here – of course, that would be unrealistic with our constraints – but whether Singapore remains where the highest value functions are anchored, where important decisions are made, where we can build capabilities and where we ultimately can create good jobs for Singaporeans. And if a company does choose the Johor-Singapore region instead of another location elsewhere in Asia and anchors its HQ functions, financing, innovation and R&D activities in Singapore, then I think that is additive integration.”
“Another example here to illustrate this point is STMicroelectronics which anchored its Asia Pacific HQ and wafer fab operations in Singapore, complemented by assembly and test operations, including high reliability automotive packaging in Johor. Their wafers fabricated in Singapore directly feed into packaging and qualification in Malaysia, enabling STMicroelectronics to bring products to market faster. The Member also talked about how we measure these investments or what are the KPIs for the JS-SEZ. Well, the JS-SEZ must deliver real investments, business activity and jobs. Singapore and Malaysia have jointly agreed to attract 50 projects in five years and 100 projects in 10 years. It has so far garnered significant and strong business interest. Last year, Johor recorded its highest ever approved investments, with over 70% of those investments attributed to the zone. Since signing the Memorandum of Understanding in January 2024, Singapore and Singapore-based companies have committed over $5.5 billion in investments into Johor. So, we are not just focused on the headline investment numbers but whether the JS-SEZ expands the overall pie for the region and for Singapore and Johor together competing for investments. On the RTS Link, I chair the RTS Link Taskforce to help Singaporeans and businesses benefit from the RTS Link. We have been widely engaging residents, merchants, trade associations, landlords and other stakeholders. Based on the feedback we have received, we are working on measures to further rejuvenate our heartlands, help our businesses become more competitive, transform, pivot and work with the private sector to promote business and commerce on both sides. Some of the work has already begun on the ground.”
“I understand the concerns also that deeper integration could move activities out of Singapore. But I think as the Member alluded to, we cannot also accommodate every activity within Singapore. Instead, our approach has and always been to keep Singapore as a key node while helping our companies scale and build resilience so that we can compete globally. This means organising practical and meaningful activities across both sides of the Causeway, so we can continue to play to our strengths as a financial, transportation and tech hub, and also to anchor HQ functions, R&D, intellectual property, talent development and other high value activities here. I give you two practical examples. Old Chang Kee, which is a food manufacturer in Singapore, has operated a production facility in Gelang Patah since 2016, complementing its Singapore operations and supporting its retail outlets in both markets. South Korea's SPC Group, the parent company of Paris Baguette and Shake Shack, houses its Southeast Asia HQ, innovation centre and training centres in Singapore, while operating its production base in Johor. And then we move into semiconductors which the Member had talked about quite significantly. Singapore is a key node in the global semiconductor value chain. We account for one out of five in every semiconductor equipment manufacturing and one out of 10 of semiconductor chips. And we will keep strengthening Singapore's position as a key node in this global semiconductor value chain by attracting quality investments and anchoring higher-value activities here. Our strategy is not to replicate what is being done in Johor or Penang, but to work with Malaysia on complementary activities that strengthen the regional ecosystem for semiconductors, which is a very fast and evolving sector.”
“The Member talked about whether there being so many different touch points, but in fact, if you look at it on the Malaysia side, there is, as he mentioned, the IMFC-J, which facilitates and supports companies investing in the zone, such as coordinating approvals and applications across Malaysian authorities at the federal, state and local levels. In Singapore, we also have a joint JS-SEZ Project Office, which helps Singapore and Singapore-based companies explore twinning opportunities in the JS-SEZ. I have gone to many of these workshops and both offices work hand-in-hand together to facilitate investments coming through to Johor, to the zone; and from Singapore to the zone. Both sides have also introduced measures to reduce friction and improve connectivity, including in immigration clearance, customs facilitation and cargo processes. The refreshed Johor-Singapore Cooperation Ministerial Committee, co-chaired by Minister Chee Hong Tat and Malaysian Minister for Economy Akmal Nasrullah, will also provide strategic oversight for broader cooperation including the SEZ. On the reason why we are pursuing this and how this is a core strategy in integrating with the region, the JS-SEZ is all about tapping our complementary strengths for a win-win outcome. The JS-SEZ is focused on the Johor-Singapore corridor and building on the respective incentives and schemes offered by each country. Both countries are working on introducing practical solutions like smoother cross-border flow of goods and people. In Singapore, for Singapore companies, the true value is being able to twin operations: keeping the HQ functions, financing, innovation, branding and higher-value functions in Singapore, while using Johor's complementary strengths to scale more competitively.”
“Sir, to me the key question of this Motion is: how do we ensure deeper integration with the region and in fact, not just ASEAN but Malaysia which is additive and not substitutive? And how do we ensure that integration does not simply move activity from Singapore to somewhere else, but also creates value in Singapore and our partners which would otherwise not be captured? Singapore has always been open to the world. I think, in the transport Motion, many of you have already said that. And with investment competition intensifying and supply chains reconfiguring, we must keep building our capabilities, strengthening our businesses and anchoring higher-value activities here in Singapore. The JS-SEZ, the Batam-Bintan-Karimun region and the Vietnam-Singapore Industrial Parks are all examples that show how we work with our immediate neighbours to enlarge economic space for our companies and workers. This was something that the Member Edward Chia had said earlier on in his speech. But let me first give an overview about the JS-SEZ. It spans about 3,500 square kilometres, it includes Iskandar Development Region and Pengerang. I wanted to point out to the Member that, in fact, the boundaries of the JS-SEZ are available online. But the whole point about the JS-SEZ is about creating value together that neither side would have created or captured alone. Singapore has strong connectivity, trusted institutions, deep financing, technology, professional services, headquarters (HQ) functions and a skilled workforce. Johor, on the other hand, offers land production capacity and other complementary strengths. But when we combine these strengths well, the Johor-Singapore region becomes more competitive than either side would be on its own.”
“Sir, as I have always said in this House, when it comes to our monetary policy, it is always long term and its objective is to keep inflation low. With regards to the US dollar, I know there have been many discussions regarding its role as an international currency, but if you look at the facts, the US dollar continues to remain the central currency in the international monetary and financial system and continues to be the world's dominant reserve currency. If you take international trade and if you look at which currency is the invoicing currency, the US dollar, in fact, is used by many countries as the invoicing currency of international trade. In fact, many commodity prices, like oil and gold, are denominated and still are denominated in the US dollar. If you think about trade invoicing, most global trade is also invoiced in just a few currencies, like the US dollar, which accounts for about 40% of global exports, and the Euro, albeit to a much lesser extent. If you look at other currencies, despite some growth in, for example, the Renminbi's share in global trade invoicing, it remains very low, at less than 2%, although that is increasing in the Asia Pacific and in the European region. So, if you think from a larger perspective, the US dollar continues to be dominant. Our monetary policy instrument, the S$NEER, is weighted against a basket of currencies of our major trading partners, and the Singapore dollar has been on an appreciating path since we tightened monetary policy in October 2021. The S$NEER has since increased by 12%. And that has the effect of dampening imported inflation in Singapore and a downstream impact on our economy.”
“Sir, I have answered the Member's questions specific to HDB car parks. Specifically, I think, with the provision of hose reels, fire engine access, natural and mechanical ventilations that will help in the event of a fire, and that the HDB carparks must comply with these technical specifications and safety requirements under Technical Reference 25. I would also like to point her, if she has further questions with regard to overall EV fire safety and fire safety as a whole, to the Ministry of Home Affairs' replies in Parliament on the matter. But I would say, and as the Member knows, that SCDF works with the community to raise general awareness on fire safety. That includes working with first responders, People's Association's C2E and other community groups. The Land Transport Authority and SCDF also regularly review these fire safety requirements to support the overall adoption of EV in Singapore through their multi-agency EV Battery Safety Taskforce.”
“Sir, all Housing and Development Board (HDB) car parks are designed and constructed in compliance with the prevailing Fire Code stipulated by the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF). This includes provisions such as hose reels, fire engine access and natural or mechanical ventilation to disperse smoke and heat. These fire safety provisions safeguard against fire risks, including those that may arise from electric vehicles (EVs). All EV chargers installed in HDB car parks must comply with the technical specifications and safety requirements under the Technical Reference 25, which is the nation-wide standard governing EV charging systems in Singapore.”
“What was left unsaid was that in the emails and in the MP Appeal System (MPAS), the Member was informed that: one, he was aware of the fact that AVS had investigated the incident; he was aware of the processes; he was aware that AVS found no professional negligence or misconduct by the vet; he was aware and noted that AVS had found no relevant regulatory violations, and he had also suggested to the resident to consider pursuing a civil suit. So, where I am coming from, in being fair to our public officers, is that what is said is important, what is not said is important. And if what was presented to Parliament and in fact, to the public, leaves an impression unfairly that the public officers had not done their job and it undermines the credibility and professionalism of the public officers, then we ought to take care of what we say and also take care with what we do not say. 1.03 pm”
“Sir, I thank the Member for his response and for taking into account what I had just said. Sir, all MPs, when we meet with our residents, we try to lend an empathetic ear. In this case, in this resident's case, she had lost her pet and it is understandable that she is upset. And I quote, the MP had said that, "When you are a grieving parent to a fur baby, you might understandably be aggrieved and wish to look for an outlet." Unquote. That outlet should not be at the expense of unfairly calling out and questioning the professionalism of our public officers. MPs have a responsibility in this regard to steward information and to present a full picture as possible. In this regard, the professionalism and the reputation of the AVS, our public officers, was called into question by what was being said and what was not being said in this House. That is the crux of the matter. What was said, if I were to go to the facts, is that words that were being used was that "the prior regime may have fallen short"; second, that it "undermined her confidence in [the] accountability of the whole process"; and third, when the phrase "at least one" was used — why say "at least one", when there was just one? Because if you say "at least one", it also implies that there is more than one. What happens is that my colleagues also had to spend time to look into the cases and to check to see if there were more than one. So, that is what was said. The second is what was left unsaid, which is also equally important.”
“Sir, if Member Jamus Lim had put all these facts before Parliament and the public, it would have given Parliament a fuller and more complete picture of the matter. Instead, the impression he created was that AVS had not been thorough in its investigations. This is unwarranted and it is not fair to the AVS officers. Sir, given the facts that I have set out earlier, the allegations that AVS had not independently verified a key document or that accountability in the process was lacking are clearly untrue. AVS carried out a thorough investigation, examined the evidence and took appropriate action where warranted, and did so independently. The investigation panel in the resident's case included AVS officers, some of whom are veterinarians. These are public officers who handle complaints of professional misconduct seriously, professionally and without any vested interest in the outcome. These are public officers with the relevant domain expertise and knowledge, and hence, the credibility to carry out such investigations objectively and without fear or favour. Mr Deputy Speaker, Sir, the purpose of this clarification is to set the record straight on the rigour and impartiality of AVS' investigative processes. I agree with the Member that public confidence and trust is important. That applies not only to the work of our public agencies and public officers, but also to what is said in this House and in this Chamber. That is why it is crucial to set out the facts for the record, and to uphold the public's confidence and trust in our institutions and to ensure fairness to our public officers. That is also why Members of Parliament (MPs) must take care to put out facts carefully and be careful when asserting allegations against public officers.”
“Instead, the Police found evidence that she had signed a form digitally at the clinic, in the presence of its staff. Therefore, in consultation with the Attorney-General's Chambers, the Police will not take further action. Mr Deputy Speaker, Sir, AVS had explained its investigation outcome to the resident. AVS had also kept Member Jamus Lim informed, as he had appealed to NParks and other Government agencies on the resident's behalf. The resident had copied the Member in her reply to AVS on 11 September 2025, regarding AVS' investigation outcome. NParks had also replied to the Member's appeal on 9 October 2025 and 25 February 2026. Therefore, when the Member delivered his speech on the Veterinary Practice Bill on 8 April 2026, the Member would have known of three key pieces of information from correspondence copied or provided to the Member. First, the Member knew that AVS had investigated the incident. Second, he knew that AVS had found no professional negligence or misconduct by the vet. Third, the Member knew that while AVS had found that there were "areas for improvement in the [vet's] documentation of communications [with the resident]…this did not affect the outcome of [veterinary] case management". In fact, in an email to the resident on 28 October 2025, the Member himself noted that AVS had found, quote, "no relevant regulatory violations", unquote. He also told the resident, and I quote: "I also hope that you are willing to accept that the route of appealing to the authorities is effectively closed, unless you are able to provide material new information to prompt them to reopen the case." Unquote. The Member then suggested to the resident that she could consider pursuing the case via a civil suit, if she wished for some closure.”
“First, the resident alleged that informed consent was not given as the potential risks and benefits of the medical procedure were not explained to her. As part of the investigation process, AVS had thoroughly reviewed the available evidence, including closed circuit television (CCTV) footage and medical records. AVS found no evidence of professional negligence or misconduct by the vet. Contrary to the resident's claims, the evidence showed that the vet had informed the resident of the dog's prognosis and provided various treatment options. The CCTV footage also recorded the vet explaining the risks of the medical procedure, including heart failure and death. Second, the resident claimed that the clinic had committed forgery, alleging that the signature on the consent form was forged and not hers, and that even if she had signed the form, the contents had been altered. This was despite the resident having previously acknowledged to AVS that she had signed a form digitally. Sir, I believe this consent form is the "key document" that the resident had alleged was not, quote, "independently verified for authenticity", unquote. This form essentially stated that the resident gave consent for the vet to sedate or anaesthetise her dog for treatment or diagnostics or both. As I mentioned earlier, AVS had reviewed the CCTV footage, medical records and case outcomes in the process of its investigation for professional negligence or misconduct. There was no evidence to suggest that forgery may have been committed by the clinic. In addition to lodging a complaint to AVS, the resident also made a Police report alleging forgery. The Police conducted independent investigations and found no evidence of forgery by the clinic.”
“He also said that Part 6 of the Bill gives investigators independence and authority, which would lend his resident greater confidence. The Member emphasised that this was his resident's experience and he was not insinuating lapses on AVS' part. However, juxtaposing the recitation of his resident's allegations that one, the prior regime may have fallen short; and two, that a key document submitted to AVS for verification did not appear to be independently verified, which in turn undermined his resident's confidence in the accountability of the process, with his statement that public trust and confidence in procedure is important, gives rise to a clear inference that AVS had not conducted its investigations on his resident's complaints fairly, effectively and independently. Sir, as this is a serious allegation, I wrote to the Member after the Sitting to seek confirmation about the case concerned. I also asked if there was more than one case, as he had referred to the experience of at least one resident, which implies there could be more than one case. He has since confirmed he was referring to just one resident. Mr Deputy Speaker, Sir, I have checked on the case referred to by the Member and would like to provide a clarification for the record. In October 2024, the Member's resident brought her dog to a veterinary clinic for medical attention as the dog was unwell. Unfortunately, the dog died after a medical procedure. The resident then filed a complaint to AVS against the vet. The resident made two allegations material to our discussion today. I will address each allegation in turn and also explain AVS' findings. The first allegation is about the lack of informed consent.”
“Mr Deputy Speaker, Sir, thank you for allowing me to make this clarification on the investigation processes conducted by the National Parks Board's (NPark's) Animal and Veterinary Service (AVS). On 8 April 2026, I had mentioned in this Chamber that I would go back and check on any correspondence between Member Jamus Lim and the AVS relating to this topic. During the Second Reading of the Veterinary Practice Bill on 8 April 2026, Member Jamus Lim made statements in relation to the fairness and independence of AVS' investigations. Specifically, he stated, and I quote, "A regulatory framework is only as strong as the practical implementation of fair and effective investigative actions, followed by reasonable and acceptable disciplinary procedures. I say this in part because, based on the experience of at least one of my residents, the prior regime may have fallen short. That resident has alleged that a key document submitted to AVS for investigation did not appear to be independently verified for authenticity. This, in turn, undermined her confidence in accountability of the whole process." End quote. The Member also stated and I quote, "I was not insinuating whether there were any lapses in her case or not, by AVS. But the point I was trying to make, and I will repeat it here, is that public trust and confidence in procedure is really important. And that is why I supported Part 6 of the Bill which confers a degree of independence and authority to investigators to go about the process of investigation, which I am sure in her case would lend her greater confidence." End quote. Sir, the Member argued that a regulatory framework requires fair and effective investigations and also referred to his resident's allegation that AVS did not independently verify a key document.”
“As we have observed a growth in the range of animal-related services offered by non-vets that may pose a risk to animal health and welfare, Part 4 of the Bill will introduce various offences and penalties to safeguard against unlawful practice and misrepresentation by or about unauthorised persons. The Bill will raise the maximum financial penalty to $50,000 – a $40,000 increase compared to the current level of $10,000 provided under the ABA. This strengthens deterrence against profit-driven motives and was benchmarked with penalties applicable in human healthcare professions.”
“As we have observed a growth in the range of animal-related services offered by non-vets that may pose a risk to animal health and welfare, Part 4 of the Bill will introduce various offences and penalties to safeguard against unlawful practice and misrepresentation by or about unauthorised persons. The Bill will raise the maximum financial penalty to $50,000 – a $4,000 increase compared to the current level of $10,000 provided under the ABA. This strengthens deterrence against profit-driven motives and was benchmarked with penalties applicable in human healthcare professions. [Please refer to "Veterinary Practice Bill", Official Report, 8 April 2026, Vol 96, Issue 28, Second Reading Bills section.] [(proc text) Written statement by Mr Alvin Tan circulated with the leave of the Speaker, in accordance with Standing Order No. 29(5): (proc text)] I wish to make the following factual correction to my speech given during the Sitting of 8 April 2026. My statement should read as follows:”
“Sir, I thank Mr David Hoe for his questions. As I mentioned earlier, we are looking at manpower projections as well as resource requirements to study a local programme. We already have programmes with some polytechnics as well. We will take his suggestion into consideration. Sir, if I may clarify my response to Mr Kenneth Tiong. In fact, the vet representation on the Veterinary Council is already codified in the Bill. My apologies. 5.32 pm”
“Sir, I thank Mr Henry Kwek for his questions. I think my AVS colleagues will be very encouraged by his appeal. We will resource our AVS and NParks colleagues as necessary for them to conduct their important mission.”
“Sir, we are starting on a new slate, setting up the Veterinary Council, and we have already took dressing with other healthcare professions, and we will evaluate over time and see whether these are necessary over time.”
“Owners are responsible for providing for their pets' needs, including medical care. So, we strongly encourage prospective pet owners to thoroughly consider the full cost of raising a pet before committing to becoming a pet owner. Mr Deputy Speaker, Sir, vet professionals form an important pillar of our animal health and welfare system. Under this Bill, there will be fair and adequate representation of the vet sector in the Veterinary Council to drive the refinement of professional services. The Veterinary Council will also be equipped to effectively deal with malpractice to safeguard animal health and welfare. Finally, this Bill is intended to benefit the public by raising the professional standards of our vet sector. I seek the House's full support for this Bill. Mr Deputy Speaker, I beg to move.”
“Vets should also provide pet owners with an estimate of fees. These standards ensure better pricing transparency and help to build trust between pet owners and vets by promoting professionalism and fairness. Under this Bill, while vets will be subject to regulatory requirements, they will be similar to those under today's licensing regime under AVS. Furthermore, provisions are in place to ensure a smooth transition for current practitioners into the new regime. Notwithstanding, AVS will partner the Council to review the Code of Ethics and will study Members' suggestions for cost structures to be more transparent, such as to provide itemisation of bills and clearer fee disclosures. We are also looking at other measures to address this. This includes listing fees to promote greater transparency. We will update on the timeline when ready. In addition, there are pet insurance schemes available in Singapore to help pet owners with the cost of vet services. There are also professional indemnity insurance schemes for vets to cover legal defence and settlement costs arising from allegations of professional negligence or misconduct. We share Members' concerns on the need to be mindful of costs to animal owners and are closely monitoring the trends. To Mr Kenneth Tiong's questions on fees for registration and practising certificates, we will consider various factors including current cost trends and the impact on existing practices in determining the prescribed fees. While we understand that many Singaporeans see pets as a member of their family, mine included, and we understand concerns around vet costs, we must also recognise that pet ownership is a personal choice and a long-term commitment that comes with responsibilities.”
“This can help the public identify vets with restricted registration, who may only practise in establishments recognised by the Council. The Council will also publish disciplinary findings of key cases when concluded, to facilitate awareness and uplift standards within the vet sector and for public education. The Council will also publish a guide to support complainants seeking redress. This will include steps on how to file a complaint, including how to make a statutory declaration. This guide will also address Ms Lee Hui Ying and Mr Yip Hon Weng's queries on when a complainant should file a complaint with the Council or otherwise commence a civil proceeding. A complainant may pursue either or both, as the circumstances warrant. This is consistent with how other professional regulatory frameworks in Singapore operate. Ms Diana Pang asked about advertising standards for veterinary services and Mr Cai Yinzhou asked about minimum standards for non-conventional therapies. The Code of Ethics for Veterinarians includes advertising standards for veterinary services, such as requiring information to be factual and not comparative. Under the Code, a vet is also responsible for choosing the treatment regimens for his patients, based on sound, evidence-based science and practice and/or diagnostic test results. This is applicable to non-conventional novel therapies as well. Many Members also raised concerns about the affordability of care and transparency of costs. I have heard that as well in my interactions with vets and also the broader public. This Code also requires vets to clearly explain treatment options, risks and costs, to obtain consent from owners for the treatment of their animal, and avoid unnecessary procedures.”
“I also want to assure Mr David Hoe and Assoc Prof Jamus Lim that the disciplinary proceedings likewise incorporate multiple safeguards to mitigate conflict of interest and to ensure impartiality. Let me elaborate further. First, disciplinary proceedings must also include non-vets, such as legal professionals, to provide balanced and objective oversight. Members with conflicts of interest must also recuse themselves from proceedings. Second, the Bill prohibits certain individuals to review the same case along various stages of proceedings. For instance, the Registrar who reviewed and referred the case to the Council must not be appointed to a Complaints Assessment Committee, a Disciplinary Committee, or an Interim Orders Committee. A member of the Complaints Assessment Committee who conducted an inquiry in respect of a disciplinary case must not be appointed as a member or observer of a Disciplinary Committee on the same case. Third, aggrieved parties may also appeal to the Minister or the General Division of the High Court. Appeals do not return to the Council and the committees for reconsideration, ensuring that disciplinary decisions are subject to independent review, and safeguarding the interests of both vets and the public. This appeal mechanism takes reference from the disciplinary framework of the human healthcare sector, including the dental and allied health professions. Some Members have also mentioned about raising awareness, I think Mr Muhaimin mentioned that earlier. AVS will work with the Council to raise awareness and educate the public on its requirements and processes. This includes information on the Council's webpage, which will contain information such as vets' class of registration and place of employment.”
“The limitation period for complaints also ensures that cases brought before the Council are supported by timely and reliable evidence. Second, there will be clear escalation thresholds in the handling of complaints. The Registrar will objectively assess and triage each case, and can recommend dismissal of frivolous complaints to the Council, so vets are not unduly burdened by cases without merit. Third, the Bill allows for conciliatory measures, such as mediation, as well as voluntary cancellation or suspension of registration where there are concerns on the vet's fitness to practise. These measures, subject to the Council's approval, help to address issues through negotiation without defaulting to formal disciplinary proceedings. Sir, the fourth and final theme of questions Members have asked relate to safeguards for pet owners. Mr Henry Kwek rightly said that the framework must guard against misuse, while preserving confidence and fairness. I agree with him. The Council is, first and foremost, a regulator. Its primary duty is to maintain professional standards, and not to promote or advocate the professions' interest. There are thus safeguards and clear lines of accountability back to the Government, which will ensure alignment with broader public interest. The Veterinary Council President and members are appointed by the Minister, who can also remove members where necessary. The Registrar is also appointed by the Minister and must be a public officer, or an officer or employee of a public authority. The Minister's approval must be sought when the Council makes regulations, such as those relating to qualifications and continuing professional education requirements for registration.”
“We also wish to assure Assoc Prof Jamus Lim that NParks has strict protocols around evidence gathering and investigations, and works with other agencies, where practical and necessary, to gather information to support its investigations. Third, Ms Diana Pang asked why there is no requirement for a legal professional to be in the Interim Orders Committee. Allow me to explain. Where necessary, legal professionals can be appointed to the Interim Orders Committee, as clauses 4 and 39 respectively provide for laypersons, such as legal professionals, to be represented in the Council and the complaints panel. Clause 65 also provides for the Council to appoint an advocate and solicitor to prosecute the disciplinary case, or to advise the Interim Orders Committee on any legal matter relating to the inquiry or review. There are also safeguards for vets before the Interim Orders Committee. Before the Council appoints any independent expert, it must give the registered vet concerned an opportunity for him or her to make representations on the proposed appointment. The vet may also appeal to the General Division of the High Court against the Interim Orders Committee's decision. And all interim orders are also subject to periodic review, to ensure no order remains in force longer than is necessary. Mr Henry Kwek asked if the enhanced disciplinary proceedings could result in the sector becoming overly litigious and if vets may feel pressured to adopt defensive practices to protect themselves. The Bill addresses this concern. First, while any member of the public may submit a complaint against vets, every complaint must be made in writing and also supported by a statutory declaration.”
“There is no change to the existing 12-month maximum imprisonment term, and the $50,000 fine quantum is benchmarked against the human healthcare sector, including the dental and allied healthcare professions. AVS will continue to regulate animal health and welfare, and offences involving animal welfare and cruelty will continue to be dealt with under the ABA. As Members know, and I have said that in public and in this House, we are reviewing the penalties for animal welfare offences and the licensing regime for pet sector activities, including pet grooming businesses under the ABA. We will share more when ready. Second, we have established a robust disciplinary framework, including a range of disciplinary orders that may be imposed on errant vets to strengthen deterrence against professional misconduct. I shared earlier how the Bill establishes clear escalation thresholds in handling complaints and how the various committees can make orders to deal with professional misconduct. To Mr Yip Hon Weng's question about the completion timeline for the disciplinary inquiry, clauses 48 and 54 provide that the Complaints Assessment Committee and the Disciplinary Committee must complete its inquiry by three months and six months respectively. This is unless the Council, on application by the Complaints Assessment Committee or Disciplinary Committee, allows otherwise. To Mr Muhaimin Malik's questions about resourcing for enforcement, NParks currently undertakes the enforcement of the existing vet licensing framework and will continue to support the Veterinary Council as we transition to the new framework.”
“We also intend to eventually extend registration to other vet professionals, such as vet nurses. While they are not currently licensed by AVS today, we will continue to engage our vet sector before developing the regulatory framework for them. In line with Mr Henry Kwek and Mr Yip Hon Weng's suggestions, we will also monitor the impact of the enhanced set of regulations to vets. We will update on the registration timeline for other vet professionals when we are ready. Meanwhile, the Bill will clarify the scope of vet activities and circumstances where non-vets may perform them. For instance, vet nurses will be allowed to perform certain vet activities under supervision by a duly qualified vet and in accordance with any prescribed conditions. This requirement to be supervised is already in place today. The Council will also publish guidelines before the commencement of the relevant provisions next year, setting out the broad principles of the appropriate supervision. To Mr Muhaimin Malik's questions, we share your concerns about community animals and their caregivers. I have many of them in my constituency as well. To our community caregivers, please continue to care for your animals as you already do, but please also exercise judgement when you need to refer them or to bring them to a vet. The third theme of questions that Members have raised relate to penalties and disciplinary proceeding provisions as prescribed by the Bill. First, Mr David Hoe asked how penalties under the Bill were derived. Compared to what is provided for under the ABA, this Bill raises the maximum fine for offences relating to unlawful practice of vet medicine or misrepresentation as a vet from $10,000 to $50,000. This is to provide sufficient deterrence against profit-driven motives.”
“We are also open to exploring other approaches to further recognise as well as to differentiate vets where necessary. With regard to Ms Diana Pang's suggestion, the Bill will not require vets to declare their pro bono hours as part of the practising certificate renewal requirements. But we appreciate that vets regularly volunteer their time and efforts, such as in sterilisation and microchipping drives on a pro bono basis, and we will explore other ways to recognise their goodwill and their generosity. Mr Lee Hong Chuang, Dr Choo Pei Ling, Ms Diana Pang, Mr David Hoe, Dr Hamid Razak, Mr Melvin Yong and others had also raised questions about the veterinary workforce. I shared earlier that the Council will continue to implement continuing professional education requirements for vets to renew their practising certificate, to equip them with up-to-date knowledge, skills and experience. AVS also provides scholarships and study grants for students to pursue vet programmes and contribute to our pipeline of vet professionals. Beyond this, AVS and the Council will partner stakeholders, such as MOE and the IHLs, to strengthen veterinary-related formal education programmes or training provided locally, including those that may allow mid-career entrants into the sector. Our review also includes manpower projections and resource requirements to study the need and feasibility of a local vet degree programme. Ms Lee Hui Ying also asked about occupational support. While the Protection from Harassment Act protects all individuals, including vets, from harassment, AVS will also work with the Council to explore other initiatives to improve workplace practices and professional development opportunities to better support our vets.”
“On Mr David Hoe and Mr Melvin Yong's queries, the Bill provides that the Council must comprise at least two laypersons who are non-vets. We intend to nominate legal professionals from the start because this helps provide wider perspectives and ensure the reflection of broader public interest in the Council's work. There will also be Government oversight of key aspects of the Council for alignment with public interest and accountability, and I will elaborate on these later. Over time, we will review the Veterinary Council's operating needs and adjust its composition accordingly. This may include appointing other vet professionals, such as vet nurses, further down the road. The Council may also appoint committees. This could include key representatives of animal groups to share feedback with the Council as Mr Henry Kwek and Assoc Prof Jamus Lim suggested. The second theme of questions surround the new registration and practising certificate framework, which Mr Cai Yinzhou, Ms Lee Hui Ying and Dr Choo Pei Ling raised questions on. Every vet that practises veterinary medicine must be registered with the Council and have a valid practising certificate. The Bill defines the practice of veterinary medicine, which can only be performed by duly qualified vets. The Bill also introduces a new specialist registration, which is not part of the existing licensing framework for vets under the ABA. But in line with feedback that we received from the vet sector, the Council intends to recognise specialist vets primarily based on postgraduate degrees or qualifications, and will publish the requirements on its website when ready. So, we will start with this new three-tiered registration framework and then monitor its effectiveness.”
“Mr Deputy Speaker, I thank the 14 Members for their support of the Bill. I learnt many different things: Members' love for their pets and animals, including Carmel, Yellow; and also about fish cosmetic surgery, including eye lifts and chin jobs. Please allow me to address Members' comments via four broad themes. The first theme is on representation of the Veterinary Council. The Veterinary Council will perform an essential role to regulate our vet sector. Its primary duty is to register vets, set and maintain high standards for the practice of veterinary medicine in Singapore and appoint necessary bodies for disciplinary proceedings to safeguard animal health and welfare as well as the public interest. In that regard, I agree with Dr Choo Pei Ling that Council members should have the right mix of expertise to fairly and adequately represent the vet sector and to set the high standards that is expected of the vet sector. This is why this Bill provides for the Minister to appoint a balanced composition of members. I shared earlier that the Council may include ex-officio members from the public and private sectors. In this regard and to respond to Mr Kenneth Tiong's question, the Council must also comprise at least four other vets, including one with at least 10 cumulative years of experience as a vet, which may include the duration licensed by AVS or registered with the Council. Considering public feedback that we have received through the consultation process, we intend to also appoint suitably experienced vets from diverse areas of the vet sector. This will allow us to strengthen the development of professional standards that enhance and advance the vet sector.”
“Yes. Sir, I thank the Member for clarifying. Indeed, we will go back and check with AVS and any correspondence between the Member representing your resident and ourselves. I agree with you that public confidence and trust is important. At the same time, we will have to substantiate any of these allegations to ensure that public trust is upheld, of course, with AVS as well as other public institutions. So, we will get back to the Member and if the Member has any further queries, please feel free to direct them to me, so we can verify.”
“Thank you, Deputy Speaker. I just wanted to clarify with the Member, Assoc Prof Jamus Lim, with regard to the statements he made earlier on about Part 5 of the Bill. The Member had said that, I quote, "Based on the experience of at least one of my residents, the prior regime may have fallen short and that the resident had alleged that the key documents submitted to AVS for investigation did not appear to be independently verified for authenticity. This in turn undermined her confidence in the accountability of the whole process". This is an important clarification because it also calls into question the standard of AVS and our officers. So, I would like for the Member to qualify this, because he also mentioned that there is at least one resident.”
“Sir, we will commence the Bill in two stages, starting with establishing the Veterinary Council this year, followed by the remaining provisions of the Bill, including the registration regime and disciplinary framework for vets next year. This will give the sector sufficient time to adapt to the Bill's requirements and to strengthen their processes. We will share more details in due course. Mr Speaker, Sir, we need highly skilled and professional vets in our evolving pet landscape. This Bill marks an important milestone in the maturation of our vet sector. It will strengthen professional accountability, support better animal health and welfare outcomes and uphold public confidence in the sector. The Vet Council will benefit the veterinary profession, which has provided support for the Bill. It will lead to better treatment outcomes to better safeguard animal health and welfare. It will also benefit the public who can be more assured of the competency and quality of veterinary services, and better veterinary-client relationships. Mr Speaker, Sir, I beg to move. [(proc text) Question proposed. (proc text)]”
“For more egregious cases of misconduct or negligence, clause 56 empowers the Disciplinary Committee to take stronger disciplinary action against a vet, including cancelling or suspending a vet's registration or practising certificate, and imposing a penalty of up to $50,000, which is aligned with that for the human healthcare professions. As these inquiries may take time, clause 66 empowers the Interim Orders Committee to either suspend or impose conditions or restrictions on a vet's registration for a period not exceeding 18 months while disciplinary proceedings are ongoing. Cases where such interim orders may be needed include those involving serious or immediate risks to public or animal health. Interim orders allow for swift responses to protect or secure certain interests, while disciplinary proceedings are ongoing. Clause 71 provides that interim orders will cease to be in force either at the end of the period specified in the order, when the order is revoked or when disciplinary proceedings conclude. Clauses 51, 52, 62 and 70 provide a mechanism for appeals against certain decisions of the Council or its committees to be heard. The Minister will hear appeals against the Council's decisions. The General Division of the High Court will hear appeals against the Disciplinary Committee or the Interim Orders Committee's orders. This disciplinary framework broadly aligns with that for the human healthcare professions and aims to uphold public confidence in the vet sector. Lastly, Part 6 of the Bill provides powers for the Council to make regulations on qualifications for registration, continuing professional education requirements and professional standards. The Minister's approval must be sought when regulations are made by the Council.”
“The Registrar may also recommend to the Council to refer the case to various committees, which are the (a) Complaints Assessment Committee to review the conduct of or services provided by the vet; (b) Disciplinary Committee if the vet has been convicted of an offence involving fraud, dishonesty or implying a defect in character; and (c) Interim Orders Committee to review whether to make an interim order against the vet pending inquiry into the case. This approach ensures proportionality to the issue at hand. Committee Members will be drawn from either a Complaints Panel appointed by the Council or from both the Complaints Panel and the Council. The intent is for a wider pool of experienced vets to be part of the committees to contribute their clinical perspective. A Complaints Assessment Committee must include a layperson, and a Disciplinary Committee must include two laypersons, namely a legal professional and an observer, to represent public interest and ensure accountability. Members involved at earlier stages of a disciplinary case must not sit on a subsequent committee for the same case. These safeguards mitigate potential conflicts of interest and ensure impartiality in reviewing disciplinary proceedings. I will highlight next, key actions or orders that may be taken by the different committees. For minor complaints, clause 50 allows the Complaints Assessment Committee to recommend referring a case for mediation by an appointed mediator. This is one of the key features which promotes conciliatory mediation and conciliatory resolution. This may be applied to cases involving miscommunication between vets and their clients and allow for both parties to reach a resolution through facilitated dialogue.”
“] This strengthens deterrence against profit-driven motives and was benchmarked with penalties applicable in human healthcare professions. Apart from prohibiting unauthorised persons from practising veterinary medicine or falsely implying that they are vets and qualified to act as a vet, it will also be an offence for other persons, such as business owners and employers, to make false claims that their employee is qualified. The prohibition of the practice of veterinary medicine by unauthorised persons garnered strong support from stakeholders and the public. It also aims to better assure the public that their animals are receiving treatment from duly qualified vets. Part 5 of the Bill introduces a robust disciplinary framework for vets, which is designed to be proportionate and impartial. Clauses 44 and 45 establish clear thresholds for escalating disciplinary cases brought against registered vets, whereby the Registrar will first triage a case against a registered vet before recommending to the Council on the action to be taken. The Registrar can recommend dismissing the case if the complaint is frivolous, so vets are not unduly burdened by unmeritorious cases. If there is evidence of physical or mental health issues which impair the vet's fitness to practise, the Registrar can recommend the Council to cancel, suspend or impose conditions or restrictions on the vet's registration with the vet's agreement.”
“The Council will provide more clarity on these requirements when ready. With these new frameworks, the public can be better informed of a vet's professional standing and competency. To minimise disruption to the sector and to ensure continuity of vet services, clause 90 will provide an arrangement for all AVS-licensed vets to transit to the new framework seamlessly. Existing vets holding a licence under the ABA will be temporarily deemed to be duly qualified vets. For instance, the majority of existing vets will be placed on full registration as they currently hold a full licence. Existing vets will then need to obtain registration and a practising certificate within a stipulated grace period to continue practising veterinary medicine. The Bill also ensures that services provided by certain non-vets will not be disrupted. For instance, clause 29 does not prohibit vet nurses from practising veterinary medicine so long as they act under the supervision of a duly qualified vet and in accordance with prescribed conditions, as they do today. As we have observed a growth in the range of animal-related services offered by non-vets that may pose a risk to animal health and welfare, Part 4 of the Bill will introduce various offences and penalties to safeguard against unlawful practice and misrepresentation by or about unauthorised persons. The Bill will raise the maximum financial penalty to $50,000 – a $4,000 increase compared to the current level of $10,000 provided under the ABA. [Please refer to "Clarification by Minister of State for National Development", Official Report, 8 April 2026, Vol 96, Issue 28, Correction By Written Statement section.”
“The second class is vets with restricted registration. Vets with restricted registration will be subjected to certain restrictions, such as to practise only under the supervision of vets with full registration or in specific establishments. These vets must hold a qualification in veterinary medicine that does not qualify for full registration but has provided them with adequate training. They must also possess the necessary knowledge, skill and experience, and must be selected for employment in establishments recognised by the Council, such as the zoo or research institutes. This allows the Council to address manpower gaps in niche domains of practice, without compromising animal health and welfare or public confidence in the sector. The third class of registration is specialist registration. This is for vets with full registration who additionally hold an approved postgraduate qualification or have acquired special knowledge, skill and experience in a particular branch of vet medicine. Such vets will be allowed to use specialist titles, such as vet ophthalmologist or vet pathologist. A full or restricted registration has no expiry but may be cancelled by the Registrar or Council on any relevant grounds set out in clauses 26 and 38, or Part 5 of the Bill. A specialist registration is subject to renewals by the Council. To ensure vets continually improve and update their knowledge and skills, registered vets must also obtain a practising certificate from the Council to practise veterinary medicine. Vets must regularly renew their practising certificates and fulfil mandatory continuing professional education requirements. These requirements ensure ongoing competency, and are already in place today for AVS-licensed vets.”
“Members will serve a maximum term of three years and may be re-appointed. The Minister for National Development will have powers to appoint and remove members, while taking into account the Council's prevailing operating needs. Clause 13 empowers the Council to appoint committees, which will advise the Council on nascent issues, such as reviewing the Code of Ethics for Veterinarians to provide up-to-date standards on professional conduct. Besides providing fair and adequate representation of the vet sector, which was a key feedback we received during our engagements, we also designed this framework to safeguard public interests. It will ensure that professional regulation is grounded in practical experience with appropriate public oversight while addressing emerging issues faced by the sector. Part 3 of the Bill sets out structured registration and practising certification frameworks for vets. Clauses 17 to 19 provide for the registration of vets under three classes of registration, to better differentiate a vet's foundational qualification, training and practice experience. Clause 24 requires the Registrar to publish on the Council's website, certain particulars of the registered vets. This enables the public to search for and verify a vet's registration status and place of practice. Let me elaborate on the three classes of vet registration. First, full registration. This is for vets who either hold a prescribed qualification or hold a qualification in veterinary medicine that is not lower in standing than the prescribed qualification and possess the necessary knowledge, skill and experience. The prescribed qualifications mirror the Animal and Veterinary Service's (AVS's) current licensing criteria, which are accredited by well-established accrediting organisations.”
“In drafting this Bill, we conducted extensive consultation with the vet sector, sought views from the public and studied models governing other human healthcare professions in Singapore and those of reputable vet statutory bodies in other jurisdictions, including Australia, Hong Kong and the United Kingdom (UK). Let me now elaborate on the Bill's key features. Part 1 lays out the fundamentals of the Bill. Clause 2 defines the practice of veterinary medicine, which comprises the range of professional activities regulated by the Bill. Clause 3 defines who is regarded as a duly qualified vet. While only vets are required to be registered at the outset, we plan to eventually extend regulation to other veterinary professionals, such as vet nurses who are currently not licensed, with an appropriate transition period to allow the sector to adjust. We will share more details when ready. Part 2 of the Bill establishes the Vet Council and sets out its functions in Clause 5. This includes registering vets, setting standards for professional conduct and requirements for upskilling and appointing necessary bodies for disciplinary proceedings against the misconduct and negligence of vets. Clause 4 provides for the Council's composition, which will comprise a mix of public and private sector members. This may include ex officio members, comprising the Director-General for Animal Health and Welfare who is a public officer, and the elected president of the Singapore Veterinary Association or their nominees and the appointed Registrar of the Council. The Registrar will be a public officer or an officer or employee of a public authority. The Council will also comprise at least four other vets and at least two other non-vets.”
“Mr Speaker, Sir, on behalf of the Minister for National Development, I move, "That the Bill be now read a Second time." Sir, the Veterinary Practice Bill establishes a new professional regulatory body, the Veterinary Council, to register veterinarians, or vets, and to regulate the practice of veterinary medicine in Singapore. Today, vets in Singapore are licensed under the Animals and Birds Act (ABA). This framework has served us well in safeguarding animal health and welfare, and in protecting human health from animal diseases. However, our vet sector has evolved and matured significantly. Our pet population and demand for vet services have grown. Over the last two decades, the number of licensed vets has increased by more than five-fold. There are close to 700 licensed vets as of end-2025. The range and sophistication of vet services and treatment have also expanded. In particular, there has been a rise in the number of vet specialists and breadth of vet specialisations available here in Singapore, offering specialised surgical and medical services. Public expectations of professional standards and accountability have also risen. And against this backdrop, the Ministry of National Development (MND) and the National Parks Board (NParks) had signalled the move to establish a Vet Council in 2023 to oversee professional matters for the vet sector. Coupled with a robust professional regulatory framework, this aims to raise professional standards and uphold public confidence in our vet sector.”
“Sir, I thank the CASE Chairman and Member Mr Melvin Yong for working with MAS to also raise awareness about the use of GIRO. As he mentioned earlier on, GIRO has its uses. For example, if you were to pay your monthly electricity bills, this affords convenience, because the bills will fluctuate from month to month. But there are also some downsides, and that is why this review will take into account what he, Ms Gho and Mr Shawn Loh have suggested, and that includes also enhance monitoring of transactions as well.”
“Sir, indeed, MAS will work with the banks, as well as financial institutions to raise awareness and public awareness of these. And in the review, we will start with lower-hanging fruits. Some of these may be effected in the short term, but major enhancements which involve system changes will need some time to be developed, tested and implemented. But we accept and we will take his views into account.”
“Sir, I thank Ms Gho Sze Kee for her suggestion. Indeed, we will look into her suggestion and others as well. I would say also that now, some of the banks have, for example, GIRO on-demand, where each deduction must be authorised individually before the bank processes the transaction. So, different banks have different ways either to implement safeguards or have different safeguards. But we will look into that suggestion. We will look into also setting monthly limits for transaction amounts and also, the value of transactions, and then, also, to enhance monitoring of transactions.”
“Sir, there are existing safeguards for the General Interbank Recurring Order (GIRO). Customers can set transaction limits on their GIRO payments. And banks also apply due diligence checks on GIRO billing organisations. These include checking that they are properly registered businesses and are not linked to any sanctioned or other criminal activities. However, checks by banks may not always be able to prevent errors and potential misuse of GIRO. While such cases have been uncommon so far, we agree that the safeguards should be strengthened. The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) is working with the Association of Banks in Singapore and member banks to strengthen safeguards. The review will consider measures including enabling customers to set monthly limits on the value and number of transactions and enhancing transaction monitoring and due diligence on billing organisations. We will also consider suggestions by Ms Gho Sze Kee, Mr Melvin Yong and Mr Shawn Loh, and members of the public. We also advise consumers to review their current GIRO arrangements and to set appropriate transaction limits with their banks and financial institutions. There are also other non-GIRO payment options available to consumers including standing instructions to the bank for recurring monthly payments for an amount set by the customer.”
“Mr Speaker, Sir, can I have your permission to answer Question Nos 12 to 14 together on today's Order Paper?”
“For the schemes, at MTI COS, we have enhanced some of these schemes to help these companies, not just water tech companies, but companies who want to expand overseas. For example, we enhanced the Market Readiness Assistance grant. So, even if you are already in the market, you can continue to use that grant. We have enhanced the Double Tax Deduction for Internationalisation grant, and we have also enhanced the EFS. All of these, put together, enables our companies to expand overseas. I give a quick example to illustrate this point. Hydroleap, for example. Because of the support from Enterprise Singapore and MTI, it is now able to use the Enterprise Development Grant funding to upgrade its water technologies, which I mentioned earlier on. It is now expanded to Australia. It is expanded to Thailand, for example, partnering with the Bangkok Industrial Gas, to provide smart water treatment solutions in PepsiCo Thailand. So, I thank the Member for his questions. We are indeed looking at water as a strategic imperative, not just as an existential issue for Singapore, but also supporting our water tech companies to test bed, to validate their ideas to grow and then to expand beyond our shores.”
“Sir, I thank Mr Dennis Tan for his supplementary questions for both Question Nos 5 and 6. Let me try to answer them as comprehensively as possible. With regard to the circular economy export office and the market integrated cooling solutions, there are no immediate plans to do so. With regard to supporting Singapore water tech companies and to use our know-how to tap onto the opportunities outside of Singapore, I think those are very useful suggestions and important ones. Allow me to put that into context; because I have two questions. I can go a little bit into detail to answer Mr Dennis Tan's questions. First of all, maybe I start with the export test bedding and talk about PUB's support. PUB, in fact, has opened up its water insulation for test bedding. For example, they have this Living Lab fund which provides R&D funding. So, if you are a local company, for example, Hydroleap or SG Enviro, you are able to use some of these funds to test bed some of these innovative solutions, which if it works, then you can potentially use it in Singapore and then potentially export to different markets. PUB also has support schemes for companies and research institutions to then pilot and to validate these new tech, which could be applied for both industrial as well as municipal water needs. What I thought is also very important, because the Member is asking about how Singapore water tech companies can better expand into the overseas markets, is this. Since 2006, Government has invested about $800 million from RIE on water tech. And since, then the water tech industry has grown quite significantly. In fact, we have now moved from 50 to about 400 companies and increased job opportunities. So, now, it is about over 20,000 jobs.”