Jeffrey Siow
Singapore
“These solutions have been installed for the Bukit Panjang LRT in 2023, and for the Sengkang-Punggol LRT in 2024. While physical and technological constraints have prevented the installation of platform screen doors at LRT stations thus far, this incident reminds us that we must never stop looking for better solutions.”
“The point-to-point transport sector in Singapore is market-based, which allows the needs of both commuters and drivers to be met. We have no plans to regulate ride-hail platform commission rates or passenger fares.”
“The amended route for Service 965 was designed to bring residents closer to amenities near Sengkang town centre, including schools, Sengkang General Hospital and the Sengkang Community Hub, compared to the alternative of routing through Compassvale Road.”
“The Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Health (MOH) work closely together on transport options for healthcare needs. Our public transport network is barrier-free and wheelchair accessible. Taxis must accommodate foldable wheelchairs.”
“The Land Transport Authority (LTA) is the primary agency responsible for enforcing Active Mobility Act (AMA) offences on public paths, which comprise footpaths, shared paths and pedestrian-only paths. National Parks Board (NParks) officers are authorised by LTA to enforce AMA offences within NParks-managed parks and park connectors.”
“As earlier announced, the new bus stops, overhead bridges and lifts along the Tampines Expressway (TPE) will be completed between 2030 and 2032. Once works are completed, more residents in the northern parts of Rivervale estate will be within a 10-minute walk from a bus stop along TPE.”
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“The Government does not have data on accident repair costs for rental and car-sharing vehicles. Excess arrangements are part of the contractual terms between car rental companies and their hirers. The Government does not intervene in such commercial arrangements. Introduction of regulations would increase costs, which would likely be passed on to hirers through higher rental rates.”
“The Traffic Priority System (TPS) is synchronised with the Green Link Determining (GLIDE) system. It prioritises the passage of emergency ambulances conveying patients with life-threatening conditions in the vicinity of a hospital. We will consider whether the TPS should be extended to more vehicle types, such as public buses, with due consideration to the needs of other road users.”
“Site feasibility studies are being carried out for a possible pair of bus stops in front of Blk 406 Fernvale Road. If found feasible, the design and construction of bus stops will typically take about six to nine months.”
“The Land Transport Authority is conducting site feasibility studies for a pair of new bus stops along Hougang Avenue 1, adjacent to Blocks 174A to 174D. If found feasible, the design and construction of a new bus stop will take about six to nine months.”
“Applications are processed in three to five working days after the complete submission of required documents. The conversion of a trailer lot to a heavy vehicle (HV) lot depends on the configuration of the parking lot and heavy vehicle park. Typically, one licensed trailer lot can be converted to one HV lot.”
“Eighty-five percent of new Category A and B Certificates of Entitlement (COEs) were won by individuals from households holding at least one COE. Most of these are single car households replacing their existing car. Around one in 5 were won by individuals from households holding at least two COEs. The number of COEs is finite. While there are many meritorious arguments to prioritise COE allocation, it is difficult for the Government to do so. Prioritising first-car households could be at the expense of households replacing their existing cars or larger families living in the same household.”
“Cyclists are required to ride within the speed limit of 10 kilometres per hour on footpaths and 25 kilometres per hour on shared paths. From 2023 to 2025, more than 650 cyclists were penalised for riding in a disorderly manner without due regard for the safety of others. Joint enforcement operations by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) and the Singapore Police Force are conducted against errant cyclists. For hotspots, LTA conducts targeted enforcement operations and deploys solutions like speed detection radars, warning signage and CCTVs to deter and detect errant riding. LTA also conducts patrols with the community to promote awareness of proper riding behaviours.”
“The Smart Bus Priority System trial was carried out over a period of 6 months on bus services 98 and 99 along Jurong East Avenue 1 and Jurong West Avenue 1. The system aimed to adjust traffic light timings to help buses running behind schedule to catch up. While the trial showed that such a system was technically feasible, it did not substantially improve the punctuality of these bus services. The Land Transport Authority (LTA) therefore has no plans to scale up this solution. With better technology and data, LTA will continue to explore other ways to provide bus priority and improve travel time.”
“The Expected Time of Arrival (ETA) system is expected to predict actual bus arrival times within a three-minute range, at least 95% of the time. There is some inherent variation in bus arrival times, due to variable dwell times at preceding bus stops, and traffic speeds due to congestion, accidents or roadworks. In the past three years the actual performance of the system has met the prescribed performance target. The ETA failure in January was due to a defect in the software on the buses that was triggered by a server failure. The defect has since been fixed, and the system’s performance is stabilising. Since 2024, we have begun to upgrade the ETA system to improve arrival time predictions and provide more real time information to commuters. The Land Transport Authority is closely monitoring the reliability and accuracy of the ETA system and has taken remedial actions to prevent a recurrence.”
“By end-February 2026, seven new Light Rail Vehicles (LRVs) would have already been deployed on the Sengkang-Punggol Light Rail Transit (LRT). The remaining 18 new LRVs will be progressively deployed across the Sengkang-Punggol LRT network from early 2027 onwards, after the completion of the Sengkang-Punggol depot expansion works. The exact timeline for deployment will be determined based on the prevailing operational requirements and ridership patterns at the time.”
“Around 4,000 buses were affected by intermittent data transmission and missing bus arrival timing predictions. As buses are deployed across services at different times, we do not have an estimate of the impact on commuters. Bus operations were not impacted otherwise. Predictions from the Expected Time of Arrival system are cross checked against the actual arrival timing of buses logged via the separate Bus Fleet Management System to identify any spikes in inaccurate or missing predictions. Based on preliminary investigations, the root cause of the incident was defective software coupled with a server failure in January 2026. These resulted in a buildup of data in the internal memory storage of on-board data transmitters, which eventually prevented many of the transmitters from functioning properly. There are no cybersecurity concerns. The software has since been fixed and the same error should not recur. An upgrade of the Bus Fleet Management System has also been in progress since 2024 and will integrate and improve bus arrival time predictions.”
“Autonomous Vehicle (AV) operators must submit detailed plans on the safety operators' (SOs') role, interaction protocols with the vehicle, conditions requiring manual takeover or emergency brakes and incident response procedures. The Land Transport Authority (LTA) and the Centre of Excellence for Testing and Research of Autonomous Vehicles – NTU (CETRAN) jointly evaluate the plans before the AVs are authorised to be deployed on public roads. During public trials, AVs will first undergo familiarisation without passengers to calibrate to the local road conditions, while SOs gain more practical experience on the AVs' operations and response patterns. AV trials are currently governed by the regulatory sandbox under the Road Traffic Act 1961 as well as the Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017. LTA requires AV operators to maintain liability insurance covering third-party death, bodily injury and property damage for the entire duration of any trial. The Government is working with key stakeholders (for example, industry, insurers and legal practitioners) to review the liability and insurance regimes more holistically, including through introducing AV-specific legislation.”
“The 16 gazetted car-lite areas, including Bayshore and Ulu Pandan estates, are still in development. For instance, Bayshore was part of the earliest areas designated in 2019, and its first sites are only expected to be completed around 2030. We will assess the impact of car-lite designations on these areas after they have largely been occupied.”
“A vehicle owner must either scrap or export his deregistered vehicle and provide proof of disposal within one month from the vehicle's deregistration date. A failure to do so constitutes an offence punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both. Amendments to the Road Traffic Act were passed in Parliament this month to increase the maximum penalties for keeping or using an unregistered or deregistered vehicle. A first-time offender will face a fine of up to $20,000 or imprisonment of up to two years, or both. Nonetheless, there are still cases where deregistered vehicles were unlawfully retained and used illegally. In 2025, there were more than 80 cases of crimes and traffic violations that involved the use of such vehicles. Besides legislation, the Land Transport Authority regularly shares intelligence and conducts joint operations with other agencies.”
“The Institute of Policy Studies' study suggested that Government communications can do more to recognise the contributions of citizens and affirm their role as stakeholders. The Ministry of Finance agrees and will continue to highlight this in our communications, as well as support initiatives that provide more opportunities for active citizen participation. At the same time, our communications must remain clear about the nature and intent of Government support, including the benefits provided to Singaporeans across different stages of life. All support measures are funded by tax and other revenues. Many are permanent, structural schemes that provide sustained support. Others are deliberately time-bound, so that we can review their design and ensure they remain relevant and effective. Only a small proportion of measures – about 5% in the FY2025 Budget – are one-off.”
“The ongoing tunnel strengthening works on the Circle Line (CCL) must be completed, before the remaining testing and preparatory works for CCL Stage 6 can resume and CCCL Stage 6 can be open. If the tunnel strengthening works remain on schedule, we can open CCL Stage 6 in the first half of 2026. The Thomson-East Coast Line Stage 5 and Downtown Line 3 extension are expected to open in the second half of 2026. More details on specific opening dates and any further service adjustments required to prepare for the opening of these line extensions will be announced when ready.”
“The Land Transport Authority partners the Traffic Police as well as fleet operators to conduct investigations involving Autonomous Vehicles (AVs). AV trials are currently governed by the regulatory sandbox under the Road Traffic Act 1961 as well as the Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017. The sandbox has helped us better understand the technology before wider implementation. The Government is working with unions and key industry stakeholders to review the accountability framework, including introducing AV-specific legislation that sets out clearly the responsibilities and accountability of key AV actors.”
“Light Rail Vehicles (LRVs) for the Sengkang-Punggol light rail transit (SPLRT) can be deployed across all loops. New two-car LRVs were deployed in the Punggol loops in the second half of last year and new two-car LRVs are being deployed in the Sengkang loops since January this year. By end February 2026, a total of three and four new LRVs will be deployed to the Sengkang and Punggol loops respectively. The new LRVs were first deployed at Punggol primarily for operational reasons. Any train fault during the initial deployment will be less disruptive and more easily managed when the new LRVs are operating in the Punggol loops, as it would not affect the launching of LRVs from the SPLRT depot located at Sengkang. The performance of the new LRVs has since stabilised. Subsequent deployment of new LRVs will primarily be based on the level of crowding in each of the loops, while taking into consideration operational requirements.”
“In consultation with the Singapore Medical Association, the upper statutory age limit will be kept at 75 years old for now. Vocational drivers spend a lot of time on the road and have a significant impact on other road users. They are also responsible for the safety of their passengers. Past statistics show that the accident rate for vocational drivers aged 70 to 74 was higher than that of younger drivers. The incidence of heart attacks and other chronic diseases among Singaporeans aged 70 and above has also been increasing. We will continue to periodically review the age limit.”
“The Certificate of Entitlement (COE) bidding is a uniform price auction, with the clearing price set at the highest unsuccessful bid plus $1. Across bidding exercises in 2025, three in four Category A and B COEs were won at bids within 5% of the eventual clearing price. This is also why a Pay-As-You-Bid (PAYB) bidding system, which is often suggested, will not bring down COE prices, as all bidders pay the clearing price regardless of what they bid. There is evidence to suggest that corporates are, in fact, price sensitive when bidding for COEs. In the most recent bidding exercise that ended on 21 January 2026, the rise in COE prices for Category A and B saw a significant drop in the proportion of bids won by car-leasing companies to 4% in Category A and 5% in Category B. In 2025, car-leasing companies won around 10% of Category A and B bids.”
“Private hire cars account for around 15% of the car population, and the five largest car-leasing companies own around 3%. The remaining private hire cars are owned by smaller car-leasing companies and individuals. Defaults or fleet sales are unlikely to have a significant effect on COE prices or the used car market over the long term. Motor vehicle loans granted by financial institutions must abide by the Monetary Authority of Singapore's (MAS') motor vehicle financing restrictions. Alternative financing arrangements extended by car dealers are not regulated by MAS. Buyers are strongly advised to obtain loans through regulated arrangements. The Government is monitoring the situation and will tighten regulations to manage the abuse of such regulations if necessary.”
“Bus captains can request real-time guidance and support through voice communication with their Operations Control Centre during route diversions. Bus captains are also given briefings and route maps of the diverted route prior to starting the journey. The Land Transport Authority will work with bus operators to evaluate and deploy technological solutions to support bus captains during route diversions. For example, SBS Transit has deployed a mobile navigation app to support bus captains who are driving less familiar routes, such as when they are involved in bridging bus operations during a rail disruption.”
“The number of first-timer Private Hire Car Driver's Vocational Licence (PDVL) and Taxi Driver's Vocational Licence (TDVL) approvals is as follows: The number of PDVL and TDVL renewals is as follows: The number of times each licence has been renewed is as follows. Each licence is valid for three years.”
“The average age of the private hire car drivers is 52 years. The majority of them are male, and have secondary level education or below. Less than one-third of all drivers have tertiary education.”
“Noise mitigation measures are put in place to ensure that cumulative noise levels from construction sites and MRT viaducts are within the National Environment Agency’s guidelines for prolonged exposure. Noise barriers are installed along MRT viaducts that are very close to residential developments. These barriers undergo regular maintenance to ensure they remain effective. For construction sites such as for the North-South Corridor, contractors are required to carry out localised noise impact assessments prior to new construction works. Where necessary, they must deploy noise barriers, noise enclosures and fit mufflers on machinery to reduce noise levels. The impact of railway noise is monitored through regular noise measurements and in response to feedback from residents. Where noise levels are found to have exceeded guidelines, further mitigation measures such as additional noise barriers will be implemented.”
“Aircraft have not been operating at lower altitudes over Yio Chu Kang than before in the past six months. The current minimum height restriction around the Yio Chu Kang area is about 210 metres to ensure safe takeoffs and landings at Seletar Airport, based on requirements set by the International Civil Aviation Organization. The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore has put in place measures to mitigate noise arising from civil aviation for residents, including routing aircraft away from residential areas when wind conditions permit, and disallowing flights between 10.00 pm and 7.00 am at Seletar Airport, except for medical evacuation and emergency flights.”
“This question was addressed in the reply to Question 59 during the 4 February 2026 Parliament sitting. [Please refer to "Managing Teething Issues of Autonomous Vehicle Shuttle Implementation in Punggol", Official Report, 4 February 2026, Vol 96, Issue 16, Written Answers to Questions for Oral Answer not Answered by End of Question Time section.]”
“Two additional entrances and link bridges had already been built at Clementi station in 2015 to relieve pedestrian crowding along the two existing link bridges. During peak hours, service ambassadors are deployed to guide commuters and facilitate safe pedestrian flow along the link bridge to Clementi Mall. As part of the Cross Island Line project, the Land Transport Authority plans to replace the existing link bridge with a new, wider link bridge to meet the anticipated higher footfall.”
“Our investment entities, namely GIC and Temasek, invest their portfolios in accordance with their mandates, with the primary objective of achieving sustainable long-term returns. In doing so, they take a holistic view of portfolio risks, including foreign exchange risk, and will take the necessary measures to mitigate these risks. Market pricing for hedging the United States dollar to the Singapore dollar has increased steadily over the past five years. These costs are one of several factors that our entities consider when managing their portfolio risk exposures. Decisions on such risk mitigation strategies are made by GIC and Temasek in a dynamic manner and may vary across asset classes and market conditions. For commercially and market sensitive reasons, they do not disclose details of their hedging positions or internal risk thresholds.”
“From 2023 to 2025, the Land Transport Authority received an average of about one complaint per month regarding bus captains' handling of passengers travelling with strollers or prams. New bus captains receive training from the Singapore Bus Academy on how to assist passengers who may need special assistance, including passengers travelling with strollers. Such skills are also part of refresher programmes attended by in-service bus captains, to keep them up to date on the latest best practices.”
“The Loyang Viaduct is an integral part of the ongoing infrastructural developments along Changi Northern Corridor to support the industrial, business and aviation growth in the Loyang, Pasir Ris and Changi regions. It will serve as an alternative road corridor and decant some traffic from the existing roads. It will also add resilience to the road network in those regions. Motorists and bus commuters travelling from Tampines Expressway and Loyang Avenue junction to Nicoll Drive during the morning peak hour can expect travel time to be reduced from approximately 22 minutes to 16 minutes on average, saving about 30% in travel time.”
“We regularly review measures to improve the safety of workers on lorries. Some of these have been implemented in recent years, including requirements for lorries to be fitted with canopies and higher protective side railings, have lower speed limits and to meet minimum space requirements for workers at the rear deck. Lorries with maximum laden weight between 3,500 kilogrammes and 12,000 kilogrammes are also required to install speed limiters by 1 July 2027 to cap their maximum speed at 60 kilometres per hour. The Land Transport and Related Matters Bill 2026, introduced in the January Parliament Sitting, includes heavier penalties for speed-limiter related offences. Altogether, these measures help reduce the occurrences and severity of high-impact collisions, which improves the safety of worker transport. We have consulted industry and academia extensively on the feasibility of fitting seatbelts on the rear decks of lorries. Such restraints would have to be retrofitted on existing lorries which may compromise the structural integrity of the lorry and create new safety risks. There are also liability issues, as manufacturers will not fit seatbelts onto the rear deck of new lorries, nor vouch for the safety of such lorries.”
“This incident highlights the importance of the familiarisation phase in allowing the autonomous vehicles to adapt to local conditions and for safety officers to get used to the behaviour of the autonomous vehicles. The Land Transport Authority (LTA) and ComfortDelGro have jointly reviewed the operating procedures on transitions between autonomous and manual driving. LTA will continue to work with fleet operators to ensure that autonomous vehicles are deployed in a safe manner. The Member may wish to refer to LTA's 29 January 2026 news release for more information.”
“Given that these alleged illicit activities take place beyond Singapore's territorial waters, we need international cooperation to address them. In the Straits of Malacca and Singapore, our agencies work closely with neighbouring countries to combat illicit maritime activities. For example, we share information and conduct coordinated patrols with Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand through the Malacca Straits Patrol. We have cooperation mechanisms with international partners to exchange information, which can aid investigations on breaches of our domestic regulations. Our agencies also work with international partners to conduct regular industry engagements with the business, maritime and financial communities on sanctions imposed by other countries, including associated secondary sanctions risks. Singapore is one of the Vessel Traffic Service authorities for the Mandatory Ship Reporting System in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. In the areas under our purview, we closely monitor vessel movements and provide information to ensure safety of navigation. Any contraventions of the International Maritime Organization's (IMO's) conventions and instruments are reported to the vessels' Flag State for their follow-up actions. Singapore fully implements the United Nations Security Council resolutions and does not condone illegal or deceptive activities by shadow fleet vessels. All vessels that do not comply with our domestic legislation and requirements, as well as the relevant conventions and instruments of the IMO may be denied entry into or detained in Singapore. This is an important and complex issue that the Singapore Government pays close attention to. We will continue working closely with international partners to address these challenges effectively.”
“The Large Families Scheme was introduced to support married couples who have, or aspire to have, three or more children. It builds on other marriage and parenthood measures and subsidies for preschool and education, which already provide support on a per-child basis. This means that families with more children already receive significantly greater support. Other social schemes are designed differently for their specific purposes. For example, the Goods and Services Tax Voucher scheme is means-tested so that more support is given to lower-income households and resources are directed towards those with greater need. The Government will continue to regularly review our social schemes to ensure that households in need of greater help will receive the appropriate support.”
“Certification of medical need to use a mobility scooter under the Active Mobility Act has not yet begun. From 27 February 2026, users can undergo the Assessment for Mobility Scooter conducted by doctors and occupational therapists. The Member may refer to the Second Reading of the Land Transport and Related Matters Bill for more details.”
“The primary consideration in siting a new mass rapid transit (MRT) station is to maximise the number of commuters who can be served by the MRT station in the mid to longer term. The location of the Cross Island Line CR3 station, which has a working name "Loyang Station", was determined based on existing and future land use plans. Other factors, such as availability of space and engineering feasibility, are also considered in deciding station locations, to minimise the amount of land that needs to be acquired, thus minimising negative externalities to existing residents. With the opening of the station, first- and last-mile connectivity will also be enhanced to improve access to the new CR3 station for residents in Flora, Toh and Mariam estates. This could include possible improvements to the covered linkways and cycling path network, as well as possible adjustments to bus services to improve connections to MRT stations, including the upcoming CR4 station that will also be in the vicinity of these estates.”
“Looping Service 88 to ply Buangkok Crescent would benefit around 150 residents but significantly lengthens travel time and increases fares for more than 4,000 existing commuters. Doing so would also increase total travel time for Service 88 past the two-hour limit recommended by the Bus Safety Tripartite Taskforce. To provide residents from Buangkok Crescent with a direct connection to the North-South Line, Service 114 was extended to Yio Chu Kang mass rapid transit (MRT) station. Commuters can then take the North-South Line to onward destinations, including Ang Mo Kio MRT station.”
“On average, about 69,000 Malaysia-registered motorcycles entered Singapore daily in 2025 and the number varies from month to month. There were about 1,600 Malaysia-registered motorcycles involved in accidents in Singapore in 2025.”
“The Public Transport Customer Satisfaction Survey was not conducted in 2024 as the Public Transport Council (PTC) was reviewing the survey methodology. The PTC subsequently conducted the survey in 3Q 2025 based on a new methodology. Findings from the 2025 survey will be shared later in 2026, after the PTC completes its analysis of the responses.”
“There are around 28,300 charging points in Singapore. About 24,900 have alternating current, of which about 50% have charger power ratings of 7.4 kilowatt (kW) and below. About 3,200 charging points have direct current, of which over 90% have charger power ratings of 50 kW and above, that is, fast chargers. The remaining 200 charging points are battery swapping points for electric motorcycles.”
“Imposing escrow arrangements would result in increased costs, as taxi or private hire car companies would require additional working capital for their operations. These costs would likely be passed on to hirers through higher rental rates, and to passengers of point-to-point transport services through increased fares.”
“Trips have been added on Service 43 to reduce the average wait from 10 minutes to six minutes during the morning peak and from 13 minutes to eight minutes during the evening peak. Commuters are generally able to board the first bus that arrives. As Service 43 operates through busy corridors, such as Serangoon and Yio Chu Kang, traffic conditions can cause some variance in bus arrival times. The bus operator will continue to optimise operations to improve the regularity of the service with the added trips.”
“Our mass rapid transit trains operate on fixed schedules, planned to meet anticipated passenger demand and maintain regular train arrival frequencies. The schedules are not typically adjusted during service hours, as any adjustment or train injection will disrupt the smooth flow of trains, especially during peak periods where the train arrival frequency is already high. The Land Transport Authority works with rail operators regularly to adjust train schedules in advance, based on demand and loading trends as well as commuter feedback. Operators are required to plan the schedules such that crowding is maintained below five passengers per square metre. In practice, they have ensured that the loading is kept well below this level, to alleviate platform crowding and avoid situations where passengers have difficulty boarding.”
“Demand for electric cars remains strong. Of all cars registered in 2025, 45% are electric, 40% are hybrids and the remaining 15% are internal combustion engine cars. As we ramp up our charging infrastructure to support growing electric vehicle adoption, we will also need to keep up with the latest in charging technology. First, we constantly review our regulations and the national charging standard to ensure relevance. Second, we have licensing requirements for operators of public chargers to fulfil, such as maintaining a minimum service uptime of 90%. Third, we also work with the industry to trial new technologies through regulatory sandboxes.”
“Commuters affected by a train service disruption may request a travel chit or delay slip from station staff or from the rail operators' websites. These can serve as proof to employers or schools that commuters were affected by a service disruption.”
“Train services operate at a frequency of about five to seven minutes during off-peak periods, including pre-peak. Based on anticipated loading, train arrival frequencies are adjusted to meet the demand. The Land Transport Authority monitors the rail operators' adherence to train schedules, which includes their adherence to first train departure timings. In 2025, all rail lines met punctuality standards. Due to operational reasons, there may be variances in intervals between train as trains may sometimes have to dwell longer at a station to allow for the safe boarding and alighting of passengers. To keep commuters informed of the latest train arrival timings, timing information is available on digital displays at the entrances and platforms of all train stations.”
“We remain on track to achieve our target of deploying 60,000 charging points by 2030, in tandem with the growing demand for electric vehicles (EVs). Housing and Development Board (HDB) residents have access to EV chargers, which are now installed in nearly every HDB carpark. The Land Transport Authority monitors their usage and works closely with EV Charging Operators to install more charging points at carparks with high demand, where electrical capacity permits.”
“The alignment of future rail corridors and expressways considers the impact of such developments on residents, including noise levels. The plans account for sufficient buffer distance between residential developments and rail corridors and incorporates noise mitigation measures, such as noise barriers, upfront into the design. These measures ensure that eventual noise levels are within the National Environment Agency's noise guidelines. The Land Transport Authority also reviews feedback received from residents through public feedback channels as well as ground engagements to assess the adequacy of noise mitigation measures, including through taking noise measurements on the ground to determine actual noise levels and considers further mitigation measures where needed.”
“Noise mitigation measures, such as noise barriers installed along rail and road viaducts and low-noise pavements, have been effective in reducing train and traffic noise levels by up to five to 10 decibels. Upon the installation of such measures, further noise measurements are carried out to verify that the resultant noise levels are within the National Environment Agency's guidelines. The Land Transport Authority will continue to explore new technologies for noise reduction and adopt them where feasible and effective.”