YouSaid · the spoken record

Betül Kaçar

lines on the record: 191
first: 2022-12-29
most recent: 2022-12-29
sittings or episodes: 1
sources: podcast

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“I don't think pantspermia usually articulates at the level of eukaryotes. I think they talk about bacteria primarily. I think so”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Different planets, but in terms of panspermia, I mean, obviously there's going to be always room for those sort of discussions, or there will be those discussions will always be present, I think, in any life in universe debates. But the problem I have with panspermia is that it removes the problem from... Planet to somewhere else. It makes it Very difficult to answer scientifically, right? You are just, you just took the problem away from this planet and formulated in a way that I cannot go and try to understand in the lab doing experiments or even through models.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Exactly. It will be more like the fertilizer that is well adopted and compatible with that plantary body. In pan-spermia, you're still imagining either an entire bacteria or microbe or a cell or something that is DNA, which is still Terran.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Acknowledging because in panspermia you still have a cell right you still have something that is very even a cell to me would be very earthlike I'm talking at subcellular level in the proposition of Spreading chemist”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“So the proposition I made, I like to think of it as protospermia rather than panspermia because it's even more proto-state than”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, absolutely. That's why there's definitely a lot of benefit to those models, predictions, because they at least help the experiment experimentalist to come up with the priors and parameterize things better, maybe eliminate very obvious dead ends early on, given that experiments take such a long time and it's a huge investment. And no one's a better experimentalist than nature.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“It would be great because they help to understand the parameters, maybe formulate, maybe quantify, create models, but ultimately you need to experiment”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“As I defined early on, that would be super exciting to me. A self-organizing chemistry that we can create experimentally in a flask by simulating the conditions of early Earth, be it radiation, be it temperature or mix of both. That would be very cool.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“The properties that I listed, those five properties that I listed about in the machinery that it's capable of sensing and responding to the environment, if we can, I would imagine similar to Miliury experiment where they only sparked in particular environmental forces and were able to produce a chemical that is important for a mix of chemicals important for life or building blocks rather if I saw that a similar experiment where a well-defined geochemical parameter was subjected on a mix of chemistry which led that chemistry to form some level of computation informatic biological property and by biological I'm going to keep it to very minimum.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Have even some emergent properties that we can quantify. Definitely, there's this trend towards more systems level approach to origins with more introduction of systems level chemistry, more network-level chemistry, and complex system integration in order to understand how that we can make these building blocks, we can make them interact with one another, but how do we make them interact with one another in more intelligent ways that will have the properties of a biological system will be heritable, it will be responding to the environment, it will mutate and it will sustain itself. That is the final bit, I think, in our origin of life adventure. And we are extremely close. I'm very optimistic that our community will get a handle of this problem in this decade. This is, in fact, I think one of the most exciting times to be doing this work.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I think that you cannot separate from emergence of translation machinery from emergence of life or something like translation machinery, this whole informatic chemical computing system that is also capable of dynamism and evolvability that comes with biology, biological behavior from emergence of life itself. We definitely took a lot of steps towards understanding origins. able to create molecules from environments like lightning, heat, and you make amino acids. So we are able to create the building blocks, the Miller-Urey experiment that's now 60 years ago. We are able to create the building blocks. We are able to make them interact with one another. They can get more complex. Some call this messy. There's all this chemistry that's going on. We are able to Have these chemicals interact with another, maybe.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Think that's one of the most humbling parts of also being a scientist that we know that we never know for sure. And for the outsiders perhaps, that may be a very strange way of living, especially when your pursue is about creating knowledge and that you know that what you created can also be and hopefully will be disproven so that another level will rise. And I think we've seen that this lack of maybe connection between the approach to science or knowledge versus folks who are maybe not thinking about these problems every day, that we are okay with being wrong. In fact, we know that that's the only way to push the limits of knowledge.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And I think space exploration, even contemplating about these possibilities, ultimately, and I will emphasize this again, should make us think about our own place in the universe if we are alone that is quite fascinating. And we definitely have a responsibility to guard what we got better and protect it better and don't take it for granted. If we are not the only one, that's also a lot of responsibility to understand what else is out there. Either proposition is famously being told is fascinating, but as a scientist, I think, and I think that's the general behavior, maybe not my fellow scientists listening to this can correct me if they aren't liked, but you need to have a level of optimism and hope. That's something that things are worth working for, worth dreaming, worth imagining.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yes, and I work with a lot of, maybe because I'm at the university, I get to teach young people every day, even at a time of four or three years, you see. Generational difference already unfolding in front of you. And maybe that's why I see hope. Because I think what we get to interact with in classrooms every year is getting better. They are aware of issues in a way that I sure wasn't at their age. In some levels I was, but in many levels I didn't think about. I wasn't concerned of the problems. Well, they maybe have to be concerned because it's hitting the reality, it's hitting them hard. Younger people are not afraid of these things, an 18 year old can face these brutal facts about the planet in ways that I don't think any other generation before them did.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“We can learn from the mistakes that we've done here and aspire not to repeat them. It is possible. We do amazing things as humans. There's a lot of suffering, but there's also a lot of beauty. And we could choose. What we want to be, or what we want to. C, right? So these attempts don't need not to come from, need not to come from a place of fear, but it can be ultimately come from a piece of hope and love.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Probably Maltese. I understand both sides of the equation, right? In one level, I can see that we may not have any other choice but to... Back up this chemistry somewhere else. You would be saving. It's the ultimate saving or our own record. It's not about, you know, yes, let's also save Beatles and amazing songs, but this would be the ultimate repository of life. I can also see your point of view for sure.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Don't think suffering is a linear property like that with life. And I may be with Nick Lane on this one. The likeness of anything similar to what we got here evolving in another planetary body I think is quite low.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“That will be respecting that planet's condition, too. So I'm not suggesting any occupation. I'm not suggesting any colonization. I'm not suggesting any, like let's just strip everything and make everything Earth-like. That's not what I'm saying. It's more about empowering that place. What you are saying is likely to be the motivator behind all this. Let's not, because I see suffering, I see pain. It's very interesting. I think this is a question that really reveals a lot about the person who's answering it.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“You're not necessarily contaminating those planets with different chemistry because the idea behind us, at least the way I thought about, is that you understand that planet, you understand the conditions, you understand the chemistry of the planet really well before choosing the planet as a candidate at first place. And then it's not about sending a missing ingredient per se, but again just sending more of what it already has.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Exactly. But what really is at stake here, I think it's actually, or what is really more interesting is what we don't see, which is again the chemical behavior that enabled everything at first place. That's different than sending potato crops or engineering bacteria to live on different planet. That's very different. You are really stripping it down to what is possible at the chemical level. So even if you are instigating the chemistry on different planets, you are letting that very planet to do its thing”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“If you try to back up remnants of our civilization, right? So we want to potentially create conditions on different planets so that humans can survive, given that we know or we want to, just for the sake of growing.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, I can see why, because it goes back to again would we, first of all, do we have a responsibility to propagate more of this chemistry that we have on this planet elsewhere, given that we know ultimately we will be vanished? I mean, the entire planet. And if this is in fact a very rare chemical event that happens because all the right circumstances came together and we were the lucky one, do we have a responsibility to sponsor it? If we were to backup”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“The worst thing that can happen is that it wouldn't work, right? So that it's not a likely that any attempt like this would work. That's probably. Because how do you? You gotta be very, you know, you have to have an understanding that I don't think we have just yet.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“The proposition is to also make us think that we will likely have this capacity at some point, especially when we understand Of life better and better. So we will be asking ourselves this question. I guess I wanted to bring this daylight a little bit because maybe in 10, 20 years, maybe more.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“The difference between making that planet Earth, like this is not what that's about. We're not talking about terraforming or we're not talking about turning that planet into Earth-like system. We are talking about first understanding that planet, studying its chemistry, studying its properties well enough to understand whether it is close to its own chemical revolution and maybe giving it that extra nudge. So this is obviously a pretty big speculation and suggestion. And it's a very interesting proposition because this is a yes or no question, right? This is the ultimate would you rather? And I think it says a lot about the perception of the person who's answering this question that if the answer is no, no, no, absolutely not. That's not something we want to do. I want to know why that is the case.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“So it's a likely scenario that once we understand how. Life is a chemical system is capable of formulating its own expression and generating a memory and manages its existence on a planetary body for billions of years. Once we understand what conditions gave rise to that, we may be very likely to understand Whether a different planet also be likely to instigate its own chemical revolution if it were It was provided by through some missing ingredients. You can think of it as a sending fertilizer to a different planet that is missing its own chemical composition or lacking or that it needs more of what it has.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“It must be an amazing editor who probably is watching this too, David Bielo, that it was very, very helpful. But I would say that”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Exactly. And how far are we going to understand it if we don't know the origin of life science? I mean, that's the, and the question here isn't exactly our ability to recapitulate everything that happened in the exact way that it happened, right? This is about what can happen rather than, or maybe how. You think it's possible?”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“That's a very interesting, like, that's, I definitely agree that the initial steps may be the ultimate determinants, that once you cannot stop it once it starts. It's possible, right?”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I wonder if he thinks that's an accidental outcome, if he thinks that's inevitable. I wonder what that means. But it's a likely possibility that the bacterial or microbial life is more attainable.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“It's a wide open palette if you think about it. I don't quite know. We know the chemistry is chemistry. I don't think the chemistry will be different elsewhere. But again, what is selected by chemistry will be determined by the environment most likely”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Where else it goes, but having this emptiness and the unpredictability of uncovering a novel solution can also have its own benefits. And we should be open to what other solutions might be out there in exploring those solutions.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Having a planet flow of life is interesting because we talked about Life being all about chemistry exploring solutions and having solutions in front of you is great, it's beneficial, right?”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“It's quite amazing what happened here. And there is no other discipline that will deliver that, but exploring our own origins and looking at life as a more planetary system phenomena rather than one single species at a time, a collective look.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I think when you understand the magnitude of what happened here, there is no room for arrogance. It should overwhelm you and humiliate. It's pretty humiliating.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Even us understanding, but asking these questions of where did this even come from? How did this even begin? Attempting to understand it using chemistry and physics and biology because we can. That's the ultimate gift we can give back to the entire species on this planet.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“It's not a competition of problems, right? So there are all kinds of problems, and it takes a lot of people to make the world. So you will always have some interesting brain going after an interesting problem to their own. The issue here is that we need to first of all understand that what we have going on on this planet is pretty good. Good planets are hard to find. If we are alone in the universe, that's huge. We need to take care of what we got here. And we are incredibly vulnerable to the changes that our own species also helped create at the biosphere, at the ecosystem level. We take it for granted. We take what we created for granted because of the fact that we think we are some sort of ultimate endpoint, the most sophisticated amazing thing that nature could generate. I understand.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Chicken and egg problem, etc. That's the extent to which that got maybe their biology teacher was personally interested in the subject matter, if they're lucky. You know the saying that the brains are evenly distributed across any metric you can imagine, but opportunities are not. So if people aren't understanding the importance of this, it's because that's a lack of opportunity right there that was skipped through the proper education and training in the delivery of why. Science matters or how science actually works”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“What I really find interesting about understanding Origin of Life, or even contemplating about our own place in the universe, if at the end of this would come down to appreciating or even before appreciating, really truly comprehending what it is that we got here, that to me is a huge gain because there is no single question in biology, I think, that will give that will deliver that magnitude of that message and understanding, but understanding how life here started at first place. If it be truly comprehend that. This is not a concept that is well thought in schools. We ask students to memorize these concepts if they are lucky they learned RNA world.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Humans are, I mean, the fact that we even have this conversation about our place in the universe is, at least to our knowledge, is quite specific to our own chemical species.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“So, what's really fascinating here is that there seems to be two different courses, the time course. Evolution is operating at the molecular level, right? We're talking about seconds. We're talking about mutations that happen every second. We're talking about selection that's also happening under a minute, right? So that is a very fast process. The fact that I can evolve bacteria in a lab and I say almost complainingly, oh my goodness, it took me 150 days. I mean, that's pretty rapid for a change to be seen. But then the big changes and the ones that I'm talking, the really big innovations that increased that caused an increase of oxygen on this planet or even its own mere presence are due to these molecular innovations seems to only happen a handful of times over billions of years of time scale.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“The subsequent aerobic photosynthesis that life learned, how to utilize what's available in the environment in the most profound way. And then you move forward, you see the emergence of eukaryotes to this endosymbiosis, also another singular event. And then you move forward and then comes the plants. So these are, I counted, I think six different things that seems to have happened just once.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“How is it a very difficult question, especially when we don't understand the past with clarity at all? I can tell you that there seems to be very critical innovations that happened throughout the history of life that are each themselves very sophisticated singularities that emerged once and then they set the tone, one of which is emergence of translation It seems like it happened once, it had to happen once. Seems like that's all it took. 3.8 billion year, maybe older. Clearly subjected to a lot of chemical evolution even prior to last universal common ancestor. And then you jump and you see emergence of Cyanobacteria that undeniably changed the course of those planets.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I would say that we definitely constrain the environment. It's definitely removed from their natural setup. We are not evolving them in a gut. It's a very homogeneous system, very controlled temperature, controlled food, controlled carbon.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Of my life. So you take a look at it and you see all the sweaters or jeans all over the place. And then you look at a drawer that has socks coming out of it. And you think that's the most important one. I'm just going to fix that one. And then you fix that one, and then you think you will get to the other one, but you don't because you just. Fix the most important one that is the whatever that was getting into your way. That's really what evolution is. It's quite lazy. It fixes the problem that seems to be the most immediate and it doesn't go beyond what it really needs to. It seems like this for our experimental setup that was the case.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“That's exactly what we thought, and it was not the case for all the broken translation missionaries. For instance, if the variant was coming from a near ancestor, that didn't happen. It was almost cruising around trying different modules and sort of living its best life still because there's no real urgency in the system to fix the most important problem.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“It wouldn't do multiple modules. It focused on one module at a time. And right before that module maybe reached to its own maximum, it's stalled its optimality to a certain degree. So you never get to a degree that is more optimal than you can achieve, even though perhaps another mutation could get you there.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“We think of this as multiple, almost airports that are proteins that are more central hubs versus there are proteins that maybe are not as important hub. If you introduce a problem in the most populated hub, you're going to mess up the traffic system more drastically. And that's what we were messing with in the biological terms as well.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“No, I wouldn't say that in the biological level, yes, because we found that the different modules started responding to the changes that we've introduced and that we could never recover the translation as effectively as it used to be, so that it never reached to its optimality, that it was always suboptimal. It needed say one more mutation perhaps to get there. It accumulated four mutations that was needed a lot of experiments to understand this, of course. It was accumulating mutations. It was getting better at its task. Maybe it needed a couple other mutations to get really good at it, but somehow those mutations never happened. And before those mutations happened, we saw another module emerging through mutations and getting better at its own different tasks that is not translation. You can think of cell as a web of networks, right?”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Because we see translation machinery as almost, it is so conserved and so essential. It is not even clear whether we can remove some of the parts or whether entire translation will need all of the same parts in the same efficiency. We don't understand the rules of this machinery. So the first thing we understand is that what is the resilience? What are we really talking about here when we talk about you cannot mess with this translation? This is true because it is so conserved and so similar and functions in the most conserved ways, that was the first thing that we wanted to understand.”
2022-12-29 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #350 – Betül Kaçar: Origin of Life, Ancient DNA, Panspermia, and Aliens · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source