YouSaid · the spoken record

David Friend

lines on the record: 105
first: 2018-01-15
most recent: 2018-01-15
sittings or episodes: 1
sources: podcast

Every line below is reproduced as it was said and linked to the record it came from. Nothing here is summarised or generated. Directory · Search · Corrections

“We're going to get to this in the next section, but then it just continued, you know, through the Bill Clinton years, because that was a highly sexualized presidency. I don't know how else to put it. It really was.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“What happened though? Really, pretty much. Yeah. Tommy doesn't talk half the time. What happened? Women were so enraged that there was a record number of there were 28 senators and congressmen voted in the next year in what was then called the Anita Hill class. They went and ran for office. And change the complexion, it's no longer the case, but at the times, change the complexion of the legislative branch of the country. You had a Two to threefold rise in complaints about sexual harassment in the workplace in the year that followed, and it kept going up and up and up. I think the women who are complaining today and making these accusations are standing on the shoulders of Anita Hill, who really was a pioneer in this way. 100%.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yes, it was. You know, I think we unfortunately are living that right now where people are waking up every morning to see which person is brought down and what this Marmy details of it are. So there is this. It may have set the stage for that too. Well, you would have a Me Too moment then. Had you had the social media, you would have other people who are saying, wait a second, I'm stand with Anita. This happened to me too. I remember when XYZ happened. And even though he denied it, he was... They needed this Republican seat to be filled on the court. He's done terrible damage to this country. Since then, I believe.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And the entire nation was riveted. And at the end of it the pole said six out of ten people believed him not her. Clarence Thomas came out and said, this is a high-tech lynching. Why are we doing this thing? No man or woman should be brought in front of the country with these sort of accusations. It really was weird in 1990. It seems odd today, but in 1991, it was weird to hear. Pubic hairs disgust and long dong silver and different things”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“He, in fact, had a pattern of some of this behavior, and some of the other people who they interviewed others who did not testify. But she came and talked in front of the nation, and a strange thing happened. She described these things in front of an all-white, all-male Senate committee.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Being the only person who would come forward. And yet, over time, as they were doing their investigation, they said, look, you've got to do this if we have all this information. She finally felt comfortable saying, look, if I can do my own statement, I'll come and testify. She was a very Devout Baptist grew up in Oklahoma. The sexes were separated within her church. She went on to Yale. She went on to law school. She's a teacher of law at Brandeis now. Very respected. But she had these experiences where her boss would come on to her, Ask her on dates, talk about her clothing, start having very crude sexual comments about pornographic films that he saw. He became a real pattern with him and as Jane Mayer and Jill Abramson found out when researching their book that followed this in 1992 or 3, I think it was, called Strange Justice.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“The EOC was their second job with him, yes, and she ended up, and that ironically was the area in the country in the government where you would go and make complaints. So she felt uncomfortable.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“In 1991 she had been approached by the FBI and the Senate committee that was looking into allegations that George H.W. Bush's nominee for the Supreme Court, Clarence Thomas, had some experiences in the past where he was exhibiting sexual misconduct with underlings where he was misbehaving. He's denied, he denied all of them.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Well, but Anita Hill, so 91 before the World Wide Web, but was really the entire nation stopped. And watch the hearings. What happened was, and I've interviewed Anita a couple times, she came to one of my book signings in Boston. She's just a terrific person. She's now involved with this. a new commission to look at sexual harassment in the entertainment field, they don't know what they're doing yet, but they're beginning to make these inroads in trying to make systemic change that is really hopefully will be long-lasting.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Absolutely. Let's talk more broadly about the 80s too. Start at the beginning, I think you were mentioning Anita Hill. That was a critical. Also, it sounds crazy, but an internet moment. Like it was, we've always had these sort of big O.J. was another one. There's a whole bunch of. Kind of things around that became so viral.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Point it's illegal, otherwise, you know, because in many states up till the year 2000 it was illegal to have trade in pictures like this and sodomy was illegal. And so here was a new way to connect with others. Yeah, absolutely.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Well, I think I talked to Stephen Mays, who's a friend of mine who is in the photography world, and he said as a gay man, he spends a lot of, a lot of the use of the Internet was that was sending pictures of yourself to others. He felt very uncomfortable in gay bars. He felt very uncomfortable in social situations where he had to impress others because he's not a wonderful physical specimen in his own mind. And yet he felt liberated in this new way where you could trade pictures where you could trade, you could meet people in different ways. And he said it was sort of like that period where Polaroids were used to document the male and attract the male gaze in his world. And he basically felt that's that you could not go to a store and have your pictures developed. If you had a Polaroid, you didn't have to do that. That's right.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Oh, 100%. Planet Out was AOL investment. And it was really fascinating how quickly people, in good ways that people were isolated and like say you were in the Midwest or they had, I remember they had 20 members from Vatican City, which, you know, I'm surprised it wasn't higher. But it was really interesting to watch that. And Steve Case talked a lot about that, like in terms of leaving people to do what they wanted to do. And it took, it sort of popped a cork on society in a lot of ways, I think. The internet did.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And it still is It was also that porn and sex and these conversations were always sort of one-on-one, you were with another person. Now it was totally anonymous. And it was intimated in a way that people did not know what you were doing. So there was the embarrassment and shame.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“As gatekeepers, really, and AOL removed the gates essentially and said anything goes. And I think that was really, it really, I can't understand how much sex was such an important part of the early in it. And it still is, obviously, but other things have moved to the fore at the same time.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“didn't censor. It was interesting because I had a chapter in my book about AOL that came out in the 90s talking, I think it was called The House that Sex Chat Built. Yes, that's right. That's what really was behind their very, a lot of sites were like that. They relied on that. But AOL really did remove barriers. Prodigy was highly curated and highly controlled in the way old magazines were, old media. They'd sort of mimicked the same thing.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And then there were these closed systems like AOL, and Michael was talking about this you had prodigy, you had CompuServe.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And these were Mind Vox. You had these areas where people were communicating with one another, but you had to be in academia or you had to be in the military or had to be a no-code. You had to sort of understand it to get into it. And they were really wonderful ways to connect. But a lot of it became sexual talk. And a lot of it was.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“It's called Online Services. Online services. Right. So you had well, but you also had these clubby areas like Echo and Well.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“A very good burn rate. Yeah. And he said, all right, here's why two things that he saw right at the beginning. Was that people were communicating on platforms? It was very difficult to get into the internet, a pre-browser.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And it was really, she spent some time talking about the moose and muds, these weird areas that people very early in 1991, 92, where people were sort of living in these fantasy worlds and creating these new personas that then... Metastasize in the real world as burning man, but people were experimenting sexually on these boards and it was really extremely popular. I interviewed Michael Wolf, who's in the news every day, and he spent some time, I interviewed him about, I said, give me the back of the napkin TikTok of why sex was the killer app that drove the internet when it first began. He said, well, they're...”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“You said that apropos of porn, but really you said that sex is the virus that's always searching for a new host. And I look at the internet, I look at all new technologies almost as infants. They're new platforms. And sure enough, what happens in the 1450s when you got the Gutenberg Bible, the next thing that comes off the line are erotic, is erotic prose, exactly. The daguerre invites the camera, and pretty soon you can go into a Paris shop and in the back under the counter they'll sell you dirty pictures. This is really what happens in new technology and a lot of the innovation that came and a lot of the platforms we used were sexual.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Of sexual importance. Porn was one of the most critical. I It was really interesting because when I started covering the internet in the very early days, the porn people were the most creative and innovative people in terms of delivery. All kinds of companies were there. And it was either through message boards and people talking to each other or it was delivery of the way they were the first people to do subscriptions. I remember. I remember.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And still don't understand and adults don't understand half the time. How do we have all this variety and how do we have all this abundance in an area where really scarcity used to be the appeal of such a little import?”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And so here we go, you know what happened young people, for instance, the entire sexual smorgas board became available before really they were mature enough to understand it. It changed human Interaction in ways that we had never seen before.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“It changed everything for a lot of different reasons. My book, there's two chapters about the sexual history of the Wide Web.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“You know, the morning after Clinton was inaugurated, it was pegging in January of 1993, Peggy Noonan's writing, you know, the trumpets have sounded. Get ready for a big fall because you guys are terrific. Everyone loves you, but it's not time for a change.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“But really, what happened was I believed, and this was one of the main theses of the book, is that the boomers took over, they started raising children, they started coming of age, they started becoming the powerful people that ran Hollywood, that ran... Madison Avenue, and for the first time ran the White House. And suddenly you had the counterculture becoming the culture, you had their values becoming the main values of America, which it took 25 years. It took the coming of age of those boomers to Then change society. And so I saw this drift and this shift and saw the culture wars in the 90s. It began under Reagan. You're right in the 80s and Bush 1 in the 80s into the 90s. But really”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Ages were sort of very go-go. The 80s were go-go. People had written about the 80s. Yes, they have. No one had written about the 90s. Maybe Joseph Stiglitz had done the Roaring 90s, a book on the economy in the 90s. But it still seems fodder to explore. And it also was the period that I believe that you think of the 60s and you say, that's the naughty decade. That's the decade of Hayde Ashbury and Free Love and the Pill and the Playboy philosophy or whatever and all the things, love the one you're with.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“He goes, Well, a lot of the patients in these trials. It was for hypertension. But a lot of the patients had this little side effect. And they were hoarding the pills. And the wives, when we were complaining, or the partners were complaining. When we took them off the pills, and I said, boy, if I can get the backstory of how that The chemists and the marketing people, the real story behind Viagra, and there's two chapters devoted to it where this all happened. And I can do this for other great crazy stories in the 90s. I've got a book in this, and I ended up, and I'll have a fun book in this, and it really was a fun thing to do over the course of the night because I have a real job. It took me six years to do it.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Everything from the 80s, but Madonna, every woman I interviewed, many of the women I interviewed for this book, I said, is there one person that comes back to you as an icon for you? And Madonna really was key and important. Yes, Hillary Cilton, yes, I'd list a number of icons during the Elenda Generis and Demi Moore and others who really were Annie Libowitz and others who were so important. Anita Hill, we can get to. But I really feel that what's kicked off this book was in two thousand seven or eight with a cardiologist friend of mine. And he said to me, David, you know, let me tell you the backstory of Viagra. I said, what do you mean?”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“What is this guy doing? What is our son doing? And it turns out, you know, we took it, I stole one night, I went in his room and stole his joystick, which is very Freudian. And he took up guitar, and now he's a jazz guitarist in New Orleans. So I said, what's going on with the sexualized culture we're living in the 90s and Reese's kids were raising?”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“The conception of the book was crazy. Well, what was I doing in the 90s? I had kids I was raising, a boy and a girl. My daughter was doing... Sit ups every day to get washboard abs because she wanted to look like Brittany Spears. Oh, yeah, that. My son was playing these massive multiplayer games at night.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Love it. I love it. Maybe you're right. No, I just don't get That's very healthy of you. Yeah. Don't compliment me. There's one to get to”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“There's always New York in the media world. I just don't care to listen to you all gripe about things. You love it. I love it. Maybe you're right. No, I just don't. I might have been affected by Silicon Valley. I just move on to the next thing. That's very helpful.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“I don't agree with, I believe it was Kurt Anderson, but he's very sage on some of these topics. Another original funder of Spy, and he ended up and a writer for Vanity Fairy. He said in a piece in the New York Times, I believe it was Kurt, that We've reached the 100 year mark for magazines, that they really, the heyday of magazines were the 1920s and now we're in the 20s about to go into the 2020s. And you really had in the 20s the great thing, Vanity Fair, and Time magazine started, and the New Yorkers started, and Esquire started, and Fortune started in the 30s. But maybe we've seen some of the best days of this medium, and it'll become something else. But there's still a lot of kick in this gal or whatever, which is, you know,”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“It would be a great time for life now. It's a visual world. Yeah, I know, right? It's a perfect time. Timing trips over its feet all the time. You can't not figure it out. It isn't time ink. I think the name it's going to, what is it called now? I don't know.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“But people still look at us and say, no one's putting together the long form stories and the short funny stories and the beautiful photography and the illustration in a way that we are with the sensibility of a curator like Grayden and now like Radica Jones.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Some of it goes to digital. It's not the only game. I mean, for a while, Benny Fair was the game for that particular kind of journalism. Or New Yorker had its kind of thing going on, also a Conde Naz property. But people still...”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“We're coupling with others to do investigative pieces from time to time, whether it be pro publica or whomever. So we've got stuff, we do things with CBS, with 60 minutes, et cetera, et cetera. So the hive is really very exciting. We're expanding. The hive is, you know, people get that as a newsletter. Maybe people go to that each day, or it's pushed to them as covering power, covering everything from Silicon Valley to New York to Washington and beyond. So it's very, you know, these are exciting times, but they're also... The funding at different places. Some of it goes to digital. I was not”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“I don't know if a magazine is really, I hate to phrase brand, but that's really what is the The magazine DNA remains, but it's become something new. It's become this multi-pronged entity that people, especially with legacy brands, think of as in luxury brands, think of across many different platforms, and that's what we have to do. So we were thinking in many different ways of... whether it be television, whether it be a lot of the articles that we do that we have potential rights for or not, depending on the writer. And we're doing some things like that where some of the writers that we're using, their pieces are being made at the films”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“So static. We immediately said, no, this isn't going to work. It was pretty exciting. But I realized as I did with all the things that I started doing at the magazine was. I needed to begin them and then turn them over to a younger, smarter person. Because I would eat my life up the hours on this thing. And then we just move on to the next one. We did some television together and some other things. But this was Grayland's concept, and I think Rodika's thinking this way too. This new Radika Jones, who's come aboard as of December 19th, and she's just going great guns. So”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“That's what the company wasn't doing. Sci did not want to move into digital realm really from the magazines. So yeah, we were late, but it was good. Grade and I remember bringing over to his house one day when we were doing the design.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“You know what's going on? Yeah, one of the greats, and they basically talked about there's a new... Idea that it's not just media and it's not just what's going on up in Silicon Valley, which is new and it's not just what's going on in Wall Street. It's not what's going on in Wall Street. There's a thing called a new establishment. And they came up with this notion of the new establishment. And Grade made that another tent pole. You've been at the Van Affair Summit, which is really all tied in with the new establishment. So Graden started those two new tent poles, and they became events and they became ways of looking at the culture in a very exciting way that was vital, but also that extended the brand into new things. 954, I think it was, 2004, Grayden, I started the website, which realized we had to do that. It was so dumb.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Well, you Yes. So I think what happened was that the company itself began to understand, Condonas began to understand if you're just thinking of magazines, you're heading off the Lemmings cliff. So he ended up smartly his first year. He had gone previously, I think while he was at SPY or maybe it was the New York Observer to Swifty Lazarus party and said, you know, let's inherit that. Let's take over. The Oscar Party post party, which he did in his second, maybe by 95. In 1994, similarly, he had a lunch with David Halberstam. And they said, you know what?”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“But I ended up doing a lot of other things with Greg and doing things that were visually driven, doing a lot of the editing of portfolios that we do, but also doing everything from, we've done 11 books together. I started the website. We've done a lot of different things.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“The movie has come out with Liam Neeson as Mark Feller. It's terrific, in fact, and is a great double feature if someone wants to get that and the post movie.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Monica's lawyer at the time. In any case, within 22 days, we had this exclusive with Herb Ritz photographing Monica. Years later, when I was doing this book, I became quite close with Monica. She's a friend of mine now, and I edited her at the magazine. In fact, she's really sort of terrific. But that's how it all started out was great in sort of getting it.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Sex magazine and left magazine from the left was life, you might argue, was from the right And I was making a transition that I think the culture was making in the 90s. So this is 98. So I accept the job, the first day I'm on the job. He takes me to, he calls me into his office and he says, let's see if we can get Monica Lewinsky. I said to him, Yeah, let's okay, because he knew I used to get great exclusives for life. That's one of the things I did. And so”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“They do that, but they didn't in 98 when I came aboard. And so I made that transition, which is really like going from mainstream America, Middle America, middle of the road, white bread magazine, to this cosmopolitan, sophisticated.”
2018-01-15 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: David Friend, author, ‘The Naughty Nineties’ · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT