YouSaid · the spoken record

Jonathan Greenblatt

lines on the record: 137
first: 2017-11-13
most recent: 2017-11-13
sittings or episodes: 1
sources: podcast

Every line below is reproduced as it was said and linked to the record it came from. Nothing here is summarised or generated. Directory · Search · Corrections

“And how the feel you get Not just the kind of endorphins, but the feel you get from your finger when you touch your phone and you feel that or the sound that chimes.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Redesign it that way. It's interesting now that you mentioned that. So if you think about Snapchat for a moment, it's post Twitter, if you will, and it's designed with an eye toward a younger audience trying to create interactions that are more positive.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“The Yeah, have you ever used TBH? So it's fascinating. It's a fascinating app that is very popular with middle schoolers and high schoolers. And it basically the parameters of it are you can pull on other Only positive things. So it minimizes the kind of bullying dynamic that could be so prevalent on these apps. And so you start to realize if you embed in the design of your products, in the architecture of these platforms a bias toward good. So if I could ask for anything from Google and Facebook and Twitter, I would ask for that. A bias toward good Now let's acknowledge it wouldn't be perfect. There would be biases. We'd have to work them out. But if you started with the premise, like I want to protect my IP, I want to protect the public interest. I want to create a bias toward good. I think that would lift up. All of us. That's”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And they could see clean stuff. Now, by the way, it might not be a view into everything that society has to offer. It might not be the highest form of art. But you know what for my kids? It's okay. So it would be interesting if you could create clean versions of these kind of social platforms that were bereft. I tell you something else. From a design perspective, it's very interesting. Did you see that Facebook acquired TBH? Yes.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Well, I think certainly. So I guess I have a couple quick thoughts. I mean, one of which would be create, you should be able to sort of, it would be interesting, wouldn't it, if you could sign up, I don't want to call it a premium version, but let's say a clean version of a Facebook or Twitter. Like, look, we turn Showtime off of our cable package because I got little kids and it's gross, you know, the movies and it's really bad stuff. But our kids can watch the Hallmark chann”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah. So, what would you like them to do or make? What is the thing that you would, if you had an ask for these companies, Google, Facebook, Twitter, what would you want if they could want, besides a ton of money?”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Incredibly powerful. So it's one thing for me to say to you, okay, last year we saw this past year, we saw 997 anti-Semitic incidences in the first half of the year. It's a whole nother thing. If I could put you literally in the body of a 14-year-old when she is being harassed, when people, kids are throwing pennies at her at school, or she walks back to her locker to find a swastika on it, and you're literally in that girl's seeing the experience as if you were that girl will make this come alive in a way that was never possible. And we have to acknowledge that these issues are real. And if we can find new ways to leverage the technology to transform those experiences and give you the actual a degree of insight that just a piece of paper can't, maybe that's how we change things.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And we are in an environment where people want their own facts. I mean, I think one of the things we need to do is to let's just acknowledge that data is just that. It's numbers and bits are ones and zeros. And they're very hard to make any sense of until you contextualize them and embellish them with more information. So we need stories to support and supplement the data, right? We need images to enhance kind of the ones and the zeros. So I think we're going to have to find ways through visualization. And through kind of the infographic and other techniques like that And videos, etc., to make things really come alive So now we're back to the VR piece we talked about just a minute ago”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah, it's very challenging to be in a post fact society where Stephen Colbert's version of truthiness seems to prevail on both sides, by the way. ADL has always been incredibly fact-driven organization. You said data-driven, fact-based.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Not a company, an organization that traffics in data that's critically important and presumably new data initiatives would help you as you begin to really see patterns and things and where things are happening. How do you combat that when data isn't data anymore”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“People don't care about actual facts, you know, pressed by, again, this administration, this idea of fudging what facts are just today there was lies said and then everyone's now talking about not the lie, but whether it's true or you know what I mean? Like you start to do that. So how do you do that when you have all this data? What happens to date? Because one of the strengths, presumably, of ADL is data, this many assaults, this many, this. I had a relative who there was some fact, and I was like, this is an actual piece of data. Well, so you say. And I was like, but it is. You know what I mean? It was just like, it was, it's a fascinating thing.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“By the words they choose. It's very clear the words they use for African Americans versus white people. That's interesting. It's absolutely different. It's data. You know what I mean? So the last thing I want to talk about, we just have a few more minutes is the idea of what data is. And you have all this data.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Do you do anything around the taping of police officers? There's some interesting stuff going on around language, they're taping language and then showing how they talk to different people. No, I haven't seen that. Yeah, it's really interesting. I think it's Oakland.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Suppose it is And then thirdly, I think on the law enforcement front, yeah, how do we use AR and VR to enhance training? We've been asked by several metropolitan police departments, big cities, to add to the work we do around training them on extremism and hate to do intrinsic bias. Which is encouraging because we know there are real issues there. So imagine if you could use virtual reality to put a police officer in the shoes of a young black male. What it feels like to be pulled over for quote unquote driving while black. What it feels like to be a young sort of Mexican national on the other side of an ice. Of raid. And I think technology allows us to do really interesting things that would enhance our ability to help law enforcement.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“It's a real problem. It's more prevalent where again in the world of microaggressions in a world of like it starts to look a little bit like thought police. On the education front, look, I think the anti-bias, anti-bullying work that we do is critical. We need to figure out how to digitize it, how to con academy it. How do you bring it to far more people than we can do with face-to-face training?”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“What's happening other European elections again, what's happening right here, I worry about in 2020 and in 2022, you're going to start to see slates of candidates who come from this kind of worldview, who'll be very problematic, I think, to the public good. And then I would be, I would. Be remiss if I didn't point out the richers on the left as well sort of rethinking free speech and clamping down on the way that ideas are allowed to circulate, particularly on the campus. Which is also crazy. It is. Like, I might not agree with everything that Ben Shapiro has to say, but he has the right to say it.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And that shows up in the way that elements of the right, as we've been talking about, are trying to not only insert themselves, they are doing so. Look what's happened in the Austrian elections this past weekend.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Just to come back to that. So there's a whole set of issues. Post these things. And then, of course, I continue to worry about the normalization of extremism.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Mm-hmm. The privacy considerations with things like that. How is it monitoring what we're saying? Is it really, there was a story that broke about the Google Mini last week? You probably saw that where it was actually recording everything was being said in this reviewer's home.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“We're watching it closely. Again, I think we have to be vigilant about all of this. If we're not vigilant about the rights that we have and the privilege we enjoy, we shouldn't expect to keep them. So I think we need to look at all of these things very carefully, very cautiously. You know, Tim Cook stepped up after Charles Fill gave us a big seven-figure gift and supported ADL for the first time ever.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“So you could easily in a minority report sort of way serve up ads to people unbeknownst to them they're not seeing what other people are seeing and again digitally gerrymand folks in ways that constrain them from choices they don't even know about so i worry a lot about that on the advocacy front i also”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Well, I mean, so if you think about the advocacy education law enforcement number one of the advocacy front, I'm definitely worried about the convergence of in a digital environment, a traditional civil rights agenda. So what do we do when sort of big data gerrymands people, if you will, by class or by race or by religion? Even not just unintentionally, invisibly, because things are being algorithmically served to us that we don't even know.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Which they don't want to do. All right, I want to finish up talking about some of the things that you think you need to do as a group to get better at, and what are the things you're most worried about? And I want to focus on tech because a lot of this stuff will proliferate via tech. Is it VR? What kind of things are machine learning? Or what are the things that you need to fight extremism? And you're never going to stamp it out, I suspect. But what are the things that are critical for organizations like yours? And then what are the things you're worried about?”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“It would seem like we're in a moment today where these platforms and these large companies need ombudsmen as well, who can help to provide oversight and be a bit of a check and balance on the kind of BizDev groups, if you will, the investor relations groups who say, no, no, no, just grow, just grow, just grow. Responsible growth seems to me like a more sustainable strategy.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“But the Rose McGowan thing and the Me Too campaign just point out how complicated this is. And I would say these, you know, so think about the newspaper industry for a minute. Or broadcast in media or news media more generally decades ago, generations ago, they introduced ombudsmen. Right? Much like federal agencies have inspector generals to provide some oversight and acknowledge with a little bit of humility that we need someone as a voice for the people or a voice for the public.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“About this particular. Well, look, I think we participate on Twitter's Trust and Safety Council. And I think we may be the only civil rights group to do that. And they have definitely made Twitter specific, have made progress in the past year. They've introduced some new things, some new tweaks to the product and the platform to, again, reduce the risk of some of this stuff blowing up in the way that it was doing a year ago.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Right. So Twitter this week got into a lot of trouble around Rose McGowan taking her off, talking about free speech. And she did put up a phone number, but other people have, including Donald Trump, put up phone numbers too. And they didn't get kicked off. You can see this happening over, you can talk about this particular, but over and over again. And now Jack has tweeted he's going to put up new rules and more new rules and rules of rules. It seems utterly either just a lot of talking or ineffective, either of which is pointless in some other ways.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Exactly. Exactly because what that essentially does is you anoint them as if they were a credible voice. And again, it's not that we shouldn't look, you need to understand that people think there's a flat earth. You need to say people think there are aliens in Area 51. They're not.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“In cable news built on that. I mean, really, honestly. I won't go on any of those panels on cable news. I'm like, you don't know what you're, I'm not going to have someone who's ignorant. Exactly. Be on the other side of something.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“It's a difficult thing. It is hard because we're also in a media environment where we're always looking for equivalence. Like I call it the crossfire effect, right? If you have someone from the right, you have to have someone from the left Look, there's no right and left around bigotry”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Saying that kind of outlandish things he says about Jews and African Americans and Mexican Americans, that's when you expose as intolerance for what it is. So yeah, look, we're free speech advocates at the ADL. We believe you've got to expose this stuff in order to understand it. You've got to hear them in order to grasp the threat that they represent But it needs to be done in a clinical kind of way, not in a way that unintentionally, or by the way, intentionally, elevates these people.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Well, so this is interesting. There's a fine line between normalizing or glamorizing these people. When you put Richard Spencer on without any context, you just interview him with his sort of short haircut wearing a suit and a polo shirt, you sort of almost make him seem like he's a respectable member of the intelligentsia. When you layer in, though, some b-roll of him at doing the Heil Hitler salute.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Think that's right. I think that was one of the, I would really give props to the folks advice who were in Charlottesville in August. Because what they didn't do is glamorize these people. They just put the cameras on them and let you hear them say, Jews will not replace us. They put the cameras on them and let them say all these just absolutely revolting things.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Of respectability. An argument to me that you should hear what they're saying, that you should hear the voices, because media tends to make it more benign than it should be. People should actually listen to what their actual words are.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Verified on Twitter. I'm a free speech advocate, so you should let me speak at your university, or you should welcome me at your event, or people like Alex Jones. Who literally are fellow travelers with these people because they recycle their ridiculous conspiracy theories? And then suddenly, you know, the Megan Kellys of the world interview them and give them an imprimatur of respectability.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah, it's not the Twitter handle at white genocide. It's disgusting and revolting as that might be. It's Richard Spencer.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“The more effective thing is they're not talking That's their idea. So, you know what's interesting about all of this? So, what they've really tried to do in this, I got to be honest, the campaign and then this. This presidency has a given them a pathway forward to normalize. And this is what I think we need to be most worried about”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Yeah, it's sort of read it 4chan and 8chan where they can be a little bit more hidden than they can on services like Facebook or Instagram or Twitter. We've also seen them move to services like Telegram. And others that are WhatsApp that are harder to track, that are more point to point versus many to many. And you know, there was a piece in Wired last month that started to talk about this new kind of alt-right internet that they're attempting to create, right? To recreate many of these services for their own community.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“But when you're a freelance journalist writing for GQ, you don't expect that your personal cell phone is going to start to ring with horrible messages or you receive snail mail to your home saying, we know where you live, which is the kind of thing that have happened repeatedly to journalists. So one of the techniques is to target journalists, and they did this during the campaign after they would write things about the Trump campaign. And use doxing and sort of cyberbullying to try to shut them down. The second thing that we've seen them do is really when someone does something questionable, just jam them with all kinds of messages. And I don't know what the term for this is, but literally people see their Twitter feeds flooded with hateful messages. And they're using Cyborgs.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“which is well known, and so they'll put up that information. So suddenly, like, you know, if you're the head of the ADL, you expect to get harassed on Twitter.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“For Sure. Well, one of the things we've seen different things. So, number one on Twitter. We've seen extremists specifically pursue journalists. So it's a technique. They try to shut people down. They try to push people to self-censor themselves. And they do it by doxing journalists.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And you see that they've been flagged for messages before. And you see that they have none of the friends in common with me or none of the followers with me. There are lots of triggers that, again, if we were using AI to effectively, in nanoseconds, milliseconds, monitor these kinds of things. You could instantly, if not solve the problem, you could mitigate it dramatically.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“I don't look at it very often for this reason. So if you used AI and you saw, aha, the person tweeting at Jay Greenblatt, his name or whatever, its name is at white genocide. Their Twitter bio says, I want to kill all the Jews.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“And I get a tweet at a picture of me of an oven. That might be okay because maybe there's a sale on Whirlpool Ovens. In Ile 12 or whatever. But when I'm sitting here in your studio and I get tweeted a picture of two ovens, double ovens, and it says Jewish bunk beds on it. That's probably not such a nice. To send to me.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Horrible like white supremacist tweeting at me and anti Israel people tweeting at me and all kinds. It's really great. So people will tweet a picture. So if I'm walking into Best Buy on a Sunday afternoon.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“A personal post on Facebook, which he doesn't do very often. And again, suddenly their platform's been hijacked by haters. So I think they realized that a libertarian ethos and an uncertain business model are no longer excuses when extremists are running amok. So we've been working with Google. Through their jigsaw division on their initiative called Perspective. Have you heard about this? So we've got the best data sets out there on anti Semitism and bigotry because we've been tracking this stuff literally for a hundred years. So, I think AI and machine learning are important parts of how we tackle this problem. And I'll give you an example. So I often get, if you look at my Twitter feed, it's crazy, right? I've got...”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“Libertarian ethos layered on top of an evolving business model. Layered on top of, let's be honest, naive And whether that's an intentional naivete, like I'm going to cover my eyes, or it's an unintentional naivete, they don't realize. But I think this thing has grown to a scale. It's a bit like a Frankenstein's monster. They don't even realize what they've created. And it dawns on them when they president of the company, a Jewish woman, who publicly mourned the loss of her husband just a year or two ago, suddenly sees literally like anti-Semites using her platform to find other like-minded people who want to kill Jews. Like, I think that was a wake up call for Cheryl Sandberg. I think it was a wake up call for Mark Zuckerberg, who a week before. Maybe two weeks before talked about Russian.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“I get that. But again, I want to get to you're being Nesweg because I like that you're working with them, but why didn't they again, libertarian doesn't cover it from me? It's something else that's at work within the group, either that they see themselves as not impactful. I get exhausted by Google's Action saying we're such a small company. You know what I mean? You know what I mean? Like, I'm like, are you kidding? You have like, or Facebook news distribution. Everybody gets their news from Facebook or Twitter and their impact. They don't seem to want to acknowledge their impact.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“So I think the way that we will really start to solve this problem is figuring out again shared strategies, technical approaches, and we've got Microsoft, Google, Twitter, and Facebook all competing to.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT
“That broke on Thursday. On Friday, the head of Facebook's policy group was in my office in New York and she said, how do we work together on this? We know we have a problem. What do we do? Last week we announced a new initiative under the rubric of this new center. We're calling it the problem solving lab.”
2017-11-13 · Decoder with Nilay Patel · Recode Decode: Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO, Anti-Defamation League · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT