YouSaid · the spoken record

Natalya Bailey

lines on the record: 99
first: 2021-02-01
most recent: 2021-02-01
sittings or episodes: 1
sources: podcast

Every line below is reproduced as it was said and linked to the record it came from. Nothing here is summarised or generated. Directory · Search · Corrections

“Yeah, so those satellites are at like 40,000 kilometers. So if they were to try to push their satellites back down to burn up in the atmosphere, they would need even more propulsion than they've had for the whole lifetime of their mission. So instead, they push them higher where it'll take a million years for it to naturally deorbit. So we're also cluttering that higher bit up as well, but it's not as pressing as Leo, which is low Earth orbit, where more of these commercial missions are going now.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Perhaps lower their orbit to take a higher resolution image of something and then return. At the end of your mission, you're supposed to responsibly get rid of your satellite, whether that's burning it up. But if you're in GEO, you want to push it higher into graveyard orbit. So low Earth orbit and then geosynchronous orbit or geostationary orbit.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Sure. So chemical engines are still used quite a bit once you're in orbit, but that's also where you might choose instead to use an electric system. And what people do with them, and this includes the ion engines and hoth thrusters and R engine, is basically any maneuvering you need to do once you're dropped off. Even if your only goal was to just stay in your orbit and not move for the life of your mission, you need propulsion to accomplish that because the Earth's gravity field changes as you go around in orbit and pulls you out of your little box. There are other perturbations that can throw you off a bit. And then most people want to do things a little bit more interesting. Like maneuver to avoid being hit by space debris or”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“You could, and you would have to do it in the same way we do different stages of rockets now where once you've used up an engine or a stage, you let it go because there's really no point holding on to it. So I wouldn't necessarily want to use the same engine for the whole thing, but the same technology, I think, would be interesting.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Just last year, Trump eased up a little bit on the regulations and NASA and hopefully others are starting to pick up on the development. So now is a good time to look into it because there's actually some movement.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“It's possible you can produce the thrust levels you need, but you need this much bigger power supply. And I think that would be nuclear. And the only way people have been able to launch them at all is that they're in a 100 times redundancy safe mode while they're being launched and they're not turned on until they're farther off. So if you were to actually try to use it on launch, I think a lot of people would still have an issue with that. But someday.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, so I mean, as a world, we do launch spacecraft with nuclear power systems on board, but size is one consideration. It hasn't been a big focus. So the reactors and the heaters and everything are bulky. And so they're really only suitable for some of the much bigger interplanetary stuff. So that's one issue, but then it's a whole like rat's nest of political stuff as well.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And nuclear power, we could have a lot more powerful electric propulsion system. So they would be extremely fuel efficient, but more instantaneous thrust to do more interesting missions if we could start launching more nuclear systems.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yes, the reason you can't use an engine like mine to get off the ground is, you know, the thrust it generates is instantaneous thrust is very small, but if you have the time and can accumulate that acceleration, you can still reach speeds that are very interesting for exploration. And even for missions with humans on them, an interesting direction I think we need to go as humans exploring space is the power supplies for electric propulsion are limiting us in that solar panels are really inefficient and bulky and batteries. I don't know when anybody's ever going to improve battery technology. I know a lot of people that work on that.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“And I find that inspiring and exciting. And then more broadly, you know, I remember when I learned that the same equation that describes flow over an airfoil is used to price options, the Black Schools equation. And it's just a partial differential equation, but that kind of connectedness of the universe, you know, I don't want to use options pricing and the universe in the same, but you know what I mean? This connectedness I find really magical.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, so I would, it all comes back to me to, you know, material science. There's so much we don't understand these sizes.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“In this space, and then I'm going to zoom out a little bit more, but in this space I keep up against material science questions. So over the past 10 years, I feel like every problem or interesting Thing I want to work on. If you dig deep enough, you end up in material science land, which I find kind of exciting and it makes me want to dig in more there. And I was just, you know, even for our technology, when we have to move the propellant from the tank to the tip of the emitters, we rely a lot on capillary action. And you're getting into wetting and surface energies.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Theory, definitely. Axion is a startup and we're more in the business of building and testing and observing and characterizing. And we're not really diving much into that theory right now.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“You have some ions that you've extracted, and they're in this electric field. One ion, it's a big molecule. It's getting energy from the electric field, and some of that energy is going into the bonds and making it vibrate and doing weird things to it. Sometimes it breaks them apart. And then zooming out to the whole beam, the beam has some behaviors as this beam of ions. And there's a big gap between what are those, how do you connect those and how do we understand that better so that we can understand the beam performance of the engine.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, recently we've been understanding the kind of instabilities and stable regimes of how much liquid do you supply and what field do you apply and why is it flickering on and off or why does it have these weird behaviors. So that's in the past just couple years that's become much more understood. I think the two areas that come to mind as far as not as well understood are the boundary between you have we actually use kind of big molecular ions and if you're looking at the molecular scale”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“It's the way I've been talking about it, it's more of ion electrospray colloid tends to mean like a liquid droplets coming off of the jet. But if you make smaller and smaller cones, you get pure ions. So we're kind of like a subset of colloid, yes.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“So that is kind of the ionization chamber and thrust producing part of it. What's not shown, you know, in that picture is the propellant tank. So we can keep supplying more and more of the liquid to those emission sites. And then we also provide a power electronic system that talks to the spacecraft and turns our device on and off.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Actually, you know Kind of about this scale. We call them thruster chips, and it's just a convenient form factor, and it's a square centimeter. And on each square centimeter today, we have about 500 of the actual physical, we call them emitters, those physical cones. And we're working on increasing that by a factor of four in the coming months.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“How do you control So, the kind of main trick to making this work is that physically we manufacture hundreds or thousands of sharp structures and then supply the liquid to the tips. So that does a few things. It makes sure that we know where the ion beams are forming so we can put holes in the grid above them to let them actually leave instead of hitting. But it also reduces the actual field we have to, the voltage we have to apply to create that field because the field will be much stronger if we can already give the liquid a tip to form on. And those tips we form have radi of curvature on the order of probably like single microns. So we are working at a little bit larger scale, but once we create that support and the electric field can be focused at that tip, then the tiny little cone can form.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“If you have a cone that's emitting pure ions, the, I can't remember if it's the radius or diameter, but that emission is happening of that cone is something like 20 nanometers.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Can do it with different types of liquids. It depends on how easily you can free ions from their neighbors and if it has enough surface tension so that you can build up a high enough electric field. But what we use are called ionic liquids and they're really just positive. They're very similar to salts, but they happen to be liquid over a really wide range of temperatures.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“So you have this balance and the liquid assumes a cone when it's perfectly balanced like that. And at the tip of a cone, the radius of curvature goes to zero right at the tip. And the radius, sorry, the electric field right at the tip of a sharp object would go to infinity because it goes as one over the radius and 1 over the radius squared. And instead of the electric field going to infinity and maybe like generating a wormhole or something, a jet of ions instead starts issuing from the tip of that liquid. So the field becomes strong enough there that you can pull ions out of the liquid.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“In the 50s, there was no way to do that. So they wrote about it in some books, and then it kind of died for a little bit. And then with silicon, memes, computer processors, and when Foundry started becoming more ubiquitous, and my advisor started it at MIT kind of put those ideas back together and was like, hey, actually there's now a way to build this and bring this other technique to life. And so the way that you actually get the ions out of those liquids is you put the liquid in, again, a strong electric field and the electric field stresses the liquid. And you keep increasing the field and eventually the liquid will assume a conical shape. It's when the electric field pressure that's pulling on. It exactly balances the liquid's own restoring force, which is its surface tension.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“So, the same rocket people that came up with these ideas for electric propulsion, probably in the middle of last century, also realized that there's one more place to get charged particles from if you're going to be using electric propulsion. So you can take a gas and you can ionize it. But there are also some liquids, particularly ionic liquids, which is what we use, that you also can use as a source of ions. And if you have ions and you put them in a field, you generate a force. So they recognize that, but part of being able to leverage that technique is being able to kind of manipulate those liquids on a scale of nanometers or very few microns. So the Diameter of a human hair, something like that”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“No, so it's important, especially for some of these smaller satellites people are into launching these days. So it's important because you have the plasma, but also those high energy electrons are hot. And if you have a lot of those that are going into the walls, you do have to care about the temperature. So I'm having trouble remembering off the top of my head. I think they're at like 100 electron volts in terms of the electron energy, and then I'd have to remember how to convert that into Kelvin”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Is what pushes the spacecraft forward. If you're following along and tallying these charges, now we've just sent a positive beam of ions out the back of the spacecraft. And for our purposes here, the spacecraft is neutral. So eventually those ions will come back and hit the spacecraft because it's a positive beam. So you also have to have an external cathode producer of electrons outside the engine that pumps electrons into that beam and neutralizes that. So now it's net neutral everywhere and it won't come back to the spacecraft. So that's an ion engine.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yes And now you have a charged xenon or argon ion and more electrons and so on. And then some fraction of those ions will happen to make it to this downstream electric field that we set up between two grids with holes in them. And in terms of area, the same amount of those ions also runs into the walls and lose their charge. And that's where some of the inefficiencies come in. But the very lucky few make it to those holes in that grid and there are two grids actually and you apply a voltage differential between them and that sets up an electric field. And a charged particle in an electric field creates a force. And so those ions are accelerated out the back of the engine and the reaction force.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Okay, so in an ion engine, you have an ionization chamber and you inject the propellant into that chamber, and this is usually a neutral gas like xenon or argon. So you inject that into the chamber and you also inject a stream of really hot, high energy electrons and everything's just moving around very randomly in there. The whole goal is to have one of those electrons collide with one of those neutral atoms and turn it into an ion. So kick off a secondary electron and now you have”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yes, so sure. The two most kind of conventional types that have been around since the 60s are ion engines and hall thrusters. And ion engines are a little bit simpler because they don't use a magnetic field for generating thrust. And then there are also Some other types of plasma engines, but that don't fit into those two categories, so just kind of other plasma like Vasimir engine, which we could get into. And then those are probably the main three categories that would be fun to talk about. Oh, and then, of course, the category of engine that I work on, which has a lot of similarities to an ion engine, but could be considered its own class called a colloid thruster.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, and even an ion engine, which is probably one of the most straightforward because it has just an electrostatic engine, but it has this really awesome combination of quantum mechanics and material science and fluid dynamics and electrostatics. It's just very intriguing to me.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, I think so. One of the classes I took in college, we spent 90% of the class on chemical propulsion. And then the last 10% on electric and the professor said, we only sort of understand how it works, but it works kind of. And I was like, that's interesting.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Unsolved pieces. And really, kind of what people care about there is making it more fuel efficient. So the chemical stuff, you can get a lot of instantaneous thrust, but it's not very fuel efficient. It's much more fuel efficient to go with the electric type of propulsion. So that's where people spend a lot of their time is trying to make that more efficient in terms of thrust per unit of fuel. And then there's always considerations like heating and cooling. It's very hot, which is good if it heats the gases, but bad if it melts the rocket and things like that. So there's always a lot of work on heating and cooling and the engine cycles and things like that. And then on electric propulsion, I find it much more refreshingly poorly. Under”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Chemical is very well understood in its simplest form. It's like a fireworks, so it's been around since 400 BC or something like that. So even the big engines are quite well understood. I think, you know, one of the One of the last gaps there is probably What exactly are the products of combustion our modeling abilities kind of fall apart there because it's hot and gases are moving and you end up kind of having to venture into Lots of different interdisciplinary fields of science to try to solve that. And that's quite complex. But we have pretty good models for some of the more like emergent behaviors of that system anyways. But that's, I think, one of the last.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“They're both lumped in the same, so chemical just means that the release of energy from those bonds essentially. So a solid fuel works the same way. And the other main category is electric propulsion. So instead of chemical energy, you're using electric. You know, batteries or solar panels. And in this case, this stuff you're pushing out the back would be charged particles. So instead of combustion and heat, you end up with charged particles and you force them out the back of the spacecraft using either an electrostatic field or electromagnetic. But it's the same momentum exchange and same idea stuff out the back. Everything else goes forward.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“The basic principle is conservation of momentum. So you throw stuff out the back of the engine and that pushes the rocket and the spacecraft in the other direction. So there are two main types of rocket propulsion. The one people are more familiar with is chemical because it's loud and there's fire. And that's what's used for launch and is more televised. So in those types of systems, you usually have a fuel on an oxidizer and they react and combust and release stored chemical energy. And that energy heats the resultant gas and that's funneled out the back through and nozzle directed out the back and then that momentum exchange pushes the spacecraft.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“That's where I wanted to go. And now, though, my risk profile has changed a little bit. I have three little ones, and I won't. I won't be in the first thousand people to go to Mars, let's put it that way.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yes, I think by 2025, it's not going to be in use anymore. But I think there are private companies that are going to be putting up stations and things.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I wish that I had a better answer, but no, I wanted to be an astronaut because I First of all, I like working in labs and doing experiments, and I wanted to go to like the coolest lab, the ISS. And do some experiments there. That's being decommissioned, which is sad. But, you know, there will be others, I'm sure.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Another way to look at it is we've preserved, it's like a little time capsule of knowledge, DNA, you know, that we've that will outlive us.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Again, I'm probably unusual in having these thoughts, but perhaps be able to generate more knowledge and understand more if we stop trying to send humans and instead, you know, I don't know if we're talking about AI in a truly artificial intelligence way or AI as we kind of use it today. maybe sending a petri dish or two of like stem cells and some robotic handlers instead if we still need to send our DNA because we're really stuck on that but if not you know maybe not even that petri dish so i see i think what i'm saying is you know i see a much bigger role in the future of ai for space exploration”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Yeah, I don't have a lot of color to the dreams I have about way in the future and AI, but I do think that removing, you know, it's hard for humans to even make a trip to Mars much less go anywhere farther than that. And I think we'll have more”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Well, and maybe even more broadly and looping back to something we said earlier, I don't know that getting humans off this planet and, you know, spreading like bacteria is what we're supposed to be doing in the first place. Maybe we can go, but should we? And I'm probably an unusual person for thinking that in my industry because humans want to explore. But I almost wonder, you know, are we putting unnecessary obstacles? Like we're very finicky biological things in the way of some more robotic or more silicon-based exploration. And yeah, do we need to colonize and spread? I'm not sure.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“No, I think we're seeing right now the pure pursuit of science. I mean, that results in pretty tiny budgets for exploration. There has to be some disaster impending doom to get us onto another planet in a permanent way. I don't know financially, I just don't know if the private sector can support that, but I don't wish that there is some catastrophe coming our way that spurs us to do that.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“I think SpaceX and Elon Musk will be the ones that get the first human setting foot on Mars. And probably not that long from now from us having this conversation. You know, maybe we'll inflate his timeline a little bit, but I tend to believe the goals he sets. So I think that will happen relatively soon. As far as when and what it will take to get humans living there in a more permanent way. You know, I have a glib answer, which is when we can invent a time machine to go back to the early Cold War and instead of uniting around sending people to the moon, we pick Mars as the destination. So really, you know, I say that because there's nothing. Truly scientifically or technologically impossible about doing that soon. It's more politically and financially and those are the obstacles, I think, to them.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Of all the planets in our solar system, Earth is clearly the most habitable. So I would not be discouraged if we didn't find it on another planet. Our solar system”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Not so sure about in our own solar system, and I do think it might be hard to untangle if we somehow contaminated other things as well. So I'm not sure about this close to home.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“It's very exciting. I mean, it's the whole reason I went into the field I'm in is to contribute to building the body of knowledge that we have as a species. So very exciting.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“My train of thought has never gone there, but I like it. And also somewhere in there, I think it's implied that something travels faster than the speed of light, which I'm also really hopeful for.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source
“Intelligent life that's trickier, I think looking at, you know, the likelihood of self-replicating organism given. How much time the universe has existed and how many stars with planets. I think it's likely that there's other life. Intelligent life. I'm hopeful. I'm a little discouraged that we haven't yet been in touch, allegedly.”
2021-02-01 · Lex Fridman Podcast · #157 – Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion · IDENTIFIED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT · source