YouSaid · the spoken record

Illueca

THE RECORD WRITES THIS SPEAKER AS ILLUECA

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172

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1960-09-24

most recent

1982-09-24

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3

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un-general-debate

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1. “Parallel with the Latin American movements born in the universities and in the major Latin American revolutions, new generations of Panamanians with a legacy of the ideals of all those who victoriously planted the standard of the liberator on the summit of Condorcunca have, without let or pause, pursued their arduous and lengthy road to battle for national claims and to redeem the historic mortgage incorporated in the 1903 Treaty. Among them and in the front line are the heroic teen-agers—the "aguiluchos" of the National Institute, as they are called in Panama-who in 1964 placed a cluster of Panamanian flags in the alienated Panama Canal zone and made it fertile with their blood.”

   1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

2. “As host to the Amphictyonic Congress of 1826, the nation of Panama, despite every vicissitude, has never failed to be loyal to the programme of Bolivar for the unity and integration of Latin America. Its most recent achievements in this unifying and integrationist mission were enshrined by the constitution of the Latin American Economic System reached in 1975 by the "Panama Convention", and the establishment of the Latin American Export Bank. This last entity was formally established oil the initiative of Panama at the meeting of the Governors of the Central Banks of Latin America which was held this year in Guatemala City and which will start operating in Panama City with adequate financing from the region as an essential element for the sustained development of the Latin American countries. 224.”

   1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

3. “But Panama is and will continue to be a pedestal and not a tomb for the ideals of the Liberator. 222. Bolivar, who made of the isthmus of Panama the centre of his ideals and affection, thought of the city of Panama as a capital for the Great Latin American Fatherland. Referring to the Act of Independence of Panama from Spain in 1821, he exclaimed: "I cannot find words to express my joy and admiration for learning that Panama, the centre of the universe, is by itself brought back to life and freed by its own endeavours. The Act of Independence of Panama is the most glorious monument that any American province can offer to history. Everything is contained therein: justice, generosity, national policy and interest." 223.”

   1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

4. “Panama, deprived until now of both its ports of entry to the Canal, has not been able to comply fully with its Bolivarian destiny to assist the sister republics of Latin America to implement the major integration plans of the founders of the republics of our hemisphere. Thus it can be understood how the 1903 Treaty has so far been a barrier to the unity, integration and accelerated economic development of Panama and of Latin America. 220. The origins and clauses of that Treaty have been so hateful that a distinguished historian from Argentina in his historical outline "From the Panama Congress to the Panama Canal" went so far as to say: ''The programme which Bolivar started in Panama in 1826 came to an end in 1903 also in Panama, which was transformed from the cradle to the grave of the Bolivarian standard." 221.”

   1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

5. “The ratification by Panama in 1976 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as well as the Optional Protocol thereto, was decisive in having those human rights Covenants proclaimed by the United Nations enter into force during that same year 1976. It was therefore possible to establish the Human Rights Committee, which affords an unprecedented procedure for the consideration of communications from persons who denounce human rights violations committed by States parties to the Protocol. 218. The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903, considered by many jurists as a political mortgage, as an anachronism, as a social fossil, will be abrogated in Panama when there is an exchange of the ratification of the Panama Canal Treaties of 1977. 219.”

   1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

6. “The statement by Torrijos in that document emphasizes the will of the Government of Panama fully to implement the exercise of fundamental human rights among the inhabitants of the Republic in every part of the country. It also reflects the decision to promote; the effective functioning, within the jurisdiction of the Panamanian State, of the legal, regional and world mechanism established to make human rights effective. 217. That is an isolated attitude. The immediate precedent the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted in 1948 by this Assembly, is to be found in the first draft on this question submitted to the General Assembly by the head of the delegation of Panama, Mr. Ricardo J. Alfaro.”

   1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

7. “The Bryan-Chamorro Treaty between Nicaragua and the United States granted the latter country in perpetuity the right to build an inter-oceanic canal by way of the San Juan River and the great lake of Nicaragua and was abrogated in 1971 by the Heads of Government of the two countries, Richard Nixon and Anastasio Somoza. 215. The Government of Panama has gone beyond the mere holding of a plebiscite by inviting a United Nations presence. On 13 September, the Head of Government, General Omar Torrijos Herrera, addressed a telegram to Mr. Andres Aguilar, Chairman of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, staging that "the new Canal treaties are a symbol to the world of our desire to eliminate discrimination and injustice", and invited that Commission to visit Panama and report on the actual enjoyment of human rights there. 216.”

   1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

8. “The Ihmian Cam Convention of 1903, better known as the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, imposed in perpetuity on the Republic of Panama to ensure construction by the United States of the waterway, is the only instrument still in force of the three ominous treaties designed to mortgage the existence of Latin American States whose territories were considered to be cross-roads for the major world maritime routes. 214. The "La Mesilla" Treaty concerning the border between the Republic of Mexico and the United States, signed at Mexico City on 30 December 18S3, which assured on an indefinite basis free transit for the army of the United States through the Tehuantepec Isthmus, was abrogated by the joint action of those two great statesmen, Lazaro Cardenas and Franklin Delano Roosevelt.”

   1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

9. “In this consultation with the people, Panamanian citizens will decide whether or not they approve the new Panama Canal Treaty, the treaty concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operation of the Panama and the annexed documents, which were signed on 7 September in Washington. 212. In addition to the Treaties on the Panama Canal are operative in regard to decolonization, "the settlement of the Panama Canal issue", as it is stated in the Washington Declarations "represents a major step toward strengthening of relations among the nations of the Western Hemisphere on a basis of common interest, equality and mutual respect for the sovereignty and independence of every state". 213.”

   1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

10. “Precisely in order that there should be no doubt of that right to dissent within the broad popular support of his administration, the Head of Government of Panama, General Omar Torrijos Herrera, has requested a United Nations presence during the plebiscite on the new Treaties. It is of the utmost significance for my country that the Secretary-General, Mr. Kurt Waldheim, has agreed to send a mission to Panama headed by a personal representative, to be present during the verification of the national plebiscite, which has been scheduled by la number 33 of 13 September 1977 to be held on 23 October 1977 compliance with the provision? of article 274 of our National Constitution. 211.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

11. “Also, equal devotion, ability and patriotism must be recognized as belonging to other citizens who had equally intense Panamanian feelings but who expressed disquiet, impatience or disagreement, or who disagreed wholly or in part with what is contained in the new Treaties. 209. The right to assent or dissent, a basic pillar for harmonizing human relations around national interests in modern States, is recognized as the very essence of the plebiscite to be held in Panama. The alternative is clear. Those who consider that the new Treaties constitute a suitable formula for decolonization will approve them. Those who believe the contrary will reject them. The results, whose genuineness can be endorsed by the United Nations, we!' bear witness to the desire of the people of Panama for self-determination. 210.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

12. “To arrive at that goal, the Government of Panama assigned in the vanguard of our diplomatic front a group of negotiators to serve as spokesman for our national conscience. The agreements reached must be understood in their entirety as a formula for decolonization which is viable and acceptable to both Governments, and which is now subject to the scrutiny, review and approval of both peoples in accordance with their constitutional procedures. 208. It is an act of justice to recognize the patriotism, ability and devotion of the Panamanian negotiators who participated in the negotiations on the new Treaties.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

13. “The Washington Declaration not only paves the way towards establishing a new international economic order in the Latin American developing countries, but is also a positive contribution to peace, security and progress for mankind by recognizing the importance for all States of the world of arrangements to ensure the accessibility and the permanent neutrality of the Panama Canal. 206. The lengthy process of negotiation which was carried out during the last 13 years has been justified before national and international public opinion as the peaceful means to set in motion the process of decolonization in Panama. The negotiations had to culminate in a formula of decolonization to put an end to the colonial enclave embedded in the heart of the territory of Panama. 207.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

14. “What is of particular significance in this respect is the Washington Declaration signed by the highest officials of the States members of the Organization of American States and by the Prime Minister of Canada, concurred in by a large majority of Heads of States o* Government of the region, on the initiative of President Carter. That Declaration represents a new era in hemispheric relations and imprints a seal of continental solidarity on the new Panama Canal Treaties. 205.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

15. “In compliance with that commitment, this protocol will be open to access by all States of the world from the date of its ratification and will for each State enters into force from the time it deposits its instrument of accession with the Secretary-General of the Organization of American States. 203. The international instruments to which I have just referred are subject to the constitutional procedures of ratification by both parties: in the United States, with the assent of two thirds of the members of the Senate present at the time; in Panama by a majority vote expressed in a national plebiscite. 204.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

16. “In order to perfect the regime of permanent neutrality of the Panama Canal, the contracting parties, under article VII, undertake to open for signature by all the States of the world a protocol whereby the signatory States would make the neutral regime of the Panama Canal universal. 201. The protocol of the Treaty concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operation of the Panama Canal would be an invitation to all States of the world to give universal validity to the regime of neutrality to which both countries have agreed will govern the inter-oceanic waterway, so as to ensure permanent access to the Canal for the ships of every nation on the basis of complete equality. 202.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

17. “My country is conscious of the importance of the Panama Canal as an international waterway for world navigation and wishes to invite the attention of Member States of the United Nations to the following, most important provision in article II of that Treaty: "The Republic of Panama declares the neutrality of the Canal in order that both in time of peace and in time of war it shall remain secure and open to peaceful transit by the vessels of all nations on terms of entire equality, so that there will be no discrimination against any nation, or its citizens or subjects, concerning the conditions or charges of transit, or for any other reason, and so that the Canal, and therefore the Isthmus of Panama, shall not be the target of reprisals in any armed conflict between other nations of the world."13 200.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

18. “At the same time, as regards the defence of national sovereignty and territorial integrity, a major mission will be carried out by the new graduating class of our national military institute "Tomas Herrera", where, encouraged by the nationalistic spirit of the National Guard of Panama, thousands of young men are being trained in accordance with the new democratic concept which -will be the most distinguishing factor of the armed forces of the continent. 198. I must now make special reference to the Treaty concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operation of the Panama Canal. 199.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

19. “As for the near future, Panama is aware of its responsibilities and is prepared to take over the tasks of operating, administering-and defending the inter-oceanic waterway. To do that, we have as a base of support the human capital represented by the Panamanians, who comprise 75 per cent of the labour force employed by the Panama Canal Company. Benefiting from the progress and the growing development of our educational system and professional resources offered by universities, my country has started to train the necessary technical staff. Furthermore, we are constantly increasing the number of scholarship students in the large technological training centres abroad.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

20. “foreign military presence within the national territory, particularly when that presence is one of the mightiest Powers in the history of the world. Specifically because of its weight, such a presence weighs unfavourably, albeit in a friendly and non-aggressive manner, on the soul of the people where it exists, with all that that tacitly implies for the social, political and economic existence of that people. That military presence in the case of Panama, because of the total disproportion of the two parties, is a hegemonic influence to be fought against from day to day at every level of daily life, to prevent the people from the experience of becoming outcasts, so that the nation will not become some -hybrid, bastard country bearing no relation to its proper historical, ethnic and cultural traditions. 197.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

21. “But the vital fact, the irrevocable hope of successive generations of Panamanians, is that on 31 December 1999, the military presence of the United States on Panamanian territory will physically cease. The full historical significance of that fact is enshrined in the Treaties signed on 7 September last, because it is this military presence which in itself limits and undermines Panamanian nationality. It is not a matter of friendship or enmity between nations. What is at stake is the very essence of our national feeling, which has nothing to do with possible tactical or defensive alliances aimed at a specific objective and limited, therefore, by circumstances and other transitory factors. 196. Status as a nation and, as a vital part of it, sovereignty which is its greatest attribute are essentially antagonistic to ?”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

22. “The new contractual relations agreed to between Panama and the United States on 7 September 1977 appear in two Treaties, 3 related agreements, 10 annexes, 3 "Agreed Acts", 52 descriptive maps, 2 navigation charts, 9 exchanges of notes and 1 multilateral declaration. 194. Article IV of the Panama Canal Treaty provides, inter alia, that: "The Republic of Panama and the United States of America commit themselves to protect and defend the Panama Canal. Each Party shall act, in accordance with its constitutional processes, to meet the danger resulting from an armed attack or other actions which threaten the security of the Panama Canal or of ships transiting it." 195.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

23. “That Convention, which was only voted later by people enchained by its arbitrary clauses, mortgaged forever the major natural resource of Panama. 191. The Carter-Torrijos treaties constitute a pact on a fixed-term basis, which recognizes the effective sovereignty of Panama over the whole of its territory and ensures the recovery of its jurisdiction over the Canal Zone within a period of not more than three years, assures the United States, as well as all other countries of the world, access for their ships to an open and neutral canal "on terms of entire equality". 192. In the same treaties, the Republic of Panama, as the sovereign territory, grants the United States a concession for the management, operation and maintenance of the Panama Canal for a period of 22 years. 193.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

24. “As the culmination of a lengthy process of negotiation, the United States and Panama have arrived at a basic arrangement on the question of the Panama Canal, with the purpose of eliminating the causes of conflict which have cast a shadow over relations between the United States and Panama and Latin America over the past 75 years. 190. The friendly agreement embodied in these treaties is due to the tenacious and constant campaign of the people of Panama, encouraged over the last years by the anti- colonialist attitude of General Omar Torrijos Herrera. Also, it is fair to recognize that it is also due to the democratic spirit and honest conscience of President Jimmy Carter, which finally rendered null and void the monstrous Hay-Bunau-Varilla Convention of 1903, that no Panamanian signed.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

25. “On the American continent, it is only fair to say that events have occurred which no doubt will contribute to the establishment of an atmosphere of cordiality, friendship and understanding among the countries of the region, which will also be reflected in the enthusiastic contribution which the Latin American countries will make to the work of the General Assembly. I refer to the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977, and the Treaty concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operation of the Panama Canal, signed in Washington on 7 September 19 /7 by the President of the United States of America, Jimmy Carter, and by the Head of the Government of the Republic of Panama, Omar Torrijos, as well as the Declaration of Washington of the same date signed by the States Members of the Organization of American States and the Prime Minister of Canada. 189.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

26. “186. Further, we wish, on behalf of the delegation of Panama, to applaud Mr. Hamilton Shirley Amerasinghe, who is so highly esteemed by all delegations, for his wise presidency of the previous session. 187. I would wish to express, on behalf of our delegation, the pleasure we share with the Spanish-speaking world because of the Nobel Prize conferred last night on Vicente Aleixandre, a Spanish poet. This really is recognition of vital importance of the so-called "generation of 1927" in Spanish culture. 188.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

27. “Those words express your progressive philosophy and your enthusiasm for the democratization of international relations, and they suffice to explain why Panama and all the countries of the third world are so deeply and sincerely happy at your election as President of the thirty-second session of the General Assembly. 185. The unanimous admission of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam to membership in the United Nations is, at once, an act of justice and a world-wide recognition of what can be achieved despite tremendous obstacles by the courage, determination and dignity of a country on the road to freedom and nationhood. We also rejoice because of the admission of the young Republic of Djibouti; we wish it uninterrupted prosperity and progress. These are auspicious signs for the work now being guided by you at this thirty-second session.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

28. “184. "Peace, security, independence and sovereignty for all cannot be secured by dealing only with the problems of some. This also means that peace and security for anyone can only be the product of a universal effort in which everyone, small or big, participates on the basis .of equality and of equal sovereignty, and when the truly vital rights of every country, however small, are equally respected and its grievances equally attended to." Mr. President, those are your words; you said that in 1973 in my country where you also represented a nation to which the cause of non-alignment owes so much.”

    1977-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 32 (1977)

29. “We have to assimilate the consequences and the implications of the changes which are taking place before our eyes and which, according to an eminent scientist, consist not merely in the new elements that are entering our lives but also in a change in the quality of what has existed hitherto. What is new, he says, is the changed rhythm of the change itself, the fact that the years of our life witness no longer slight adjustments, as did those of our fathers, but very substantial transformations. 28. In the age of nuclear energy, supersonic aircraft, electronic miracles, guided missiles and space vehicles, it is imperative that the world should draw ever closer to the peaceful ideal of a universal order equal for all and respected by all — a goal that can only be reached through the work of the United Nations.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

30. “Much as the two economic and social systems, whose antagonism keeps mankind in a state of perplexity and fear, may differ, much as each of them may claim to possess the one and only formula for bringing all human woes to an end, there is no denying that they have certain features in common and certain points of contact at the material and spiritual levels, and that their mutual exclusivism and claims to orthodoxy make it difficult for other workable forms of human coexistence to emerge from the inexhaustible fund of possibilities which lies in the spirit of man. The problem, to put it in common terms, resides in making the attitude, mentality and conduct of the leaders and the peoples synchronize with the changes that are being brought about by the scientific progress of our age.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

31. “One of them is that the immeasurable possibilities of progress implicit in the revolutionary discoveries of the last twenty-five years come up against a barrier of all kinds of interests, mental habits and patterns of behaviour which are survivals of former stages, now completed, in the life of mankind. The division of the world into two great concentrations of power, each imbued with a missionary spirit, is itself a sign that we are not keeping pace with history.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

32. “Unfortunately, as we well know, this immense power is at present being used solely for the manufacture of instruments of destruction capable of bringing about, in fractions of a second, the annihilation of entire peoples and the degeneration and extinction of mankind. 27. Such is the fatal prospect of the possibility of a new armed clash between the two great concentrations of power which today confront one another in a state of mutual suspicion and hostility. And this is what we must prevent. This, in the opinion of the Panamanian delegation, is the responsibility that now weighs upon the United Nations and, within this Organization, presents the small nations with a task of the first order. I do not claim that this task will be easy to perform. On the contrary, it is made difficult by certain well-known facts.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

33. “The marvellous scientific progress of our century, which has been given greater impetus by the capture of the last entrenchments of nuclear energy and of the vast realms of outer space towards which men have gazed with awe for centuries and centuries, has today turned poverty into an injustice, robbing it of all the traditional reasons which made it inevitable, and has opened to mankind immeasurable opportunities for improvement and development. Once the incalculable sources of energy that nuclear science places in our hands are directed towards the production of goods that are useful to mankind, they will enable us to overcome all the limitations which today condemn hundreds of millions of human beings to destitution, hunger and sickness.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

34. “Such coexistence should not represent the hostile restraint of the rival Powers, each facing the other with distrust and increasing its means of destruction, but should take the form of an agreement between the large and small nations to coordinate their forces and resources in a broad frontal attack on the privations suffered by a great proportion of mankind. 26. This is not a vague aspiration, but an imperative need of our day.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

35. “What is important now is that we should agree upon the urgent need for the contending camps to recognize things as they are and to renounce, by word and by deed, any intention of subjugating each other, so that they may coexist with the object of solving the problems which burden the lives of hundreds of millions of human beings. In other words, it is imperative that this peaceful coexistence about which both sides speak so much should cease to be a matter of statements, charges and: counter-charges, and should take practical shape in international conduct, so as to make it easier to work effectively for the progress and well-being of every people in the world.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

36. “They would thus build a bridge between East and West which would help to save mankind from the snares that beset it. 25. Any attempt to ascertain why, despite the great hopes of unthreatened peace which attended the creation of the United Nations, the international situation has deteriorated to the point at which we find ourselves today would be a waste of time. We should be entering a controversial field in which it is very difficult to separate the real facts from subjective assumptions and deductions, and the only result would be to sharpen a debate that is already taking a disquieting turn.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

37. “Our concern with regional affairs does not distract our attention from the international scene. At its fourteenth session the General Assembly requested [resolution 1424 (XIV)] the Secretary-General to examine, in consultation with the Governments of Member States, ways and means of making further progress towards the early establishment of a United Nations capital development fund. We all know the excuses put forward by the great Powers, on the pretext of the current international tension and the impasse in the disarmament negotiations. I take this occasion, however, to emphasize before the Assembly that the great Powers will make the most decisive contribution to fruitful world peace when, independently of any disarmament agreements, they unite in setting up a United Nations capital development fund.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

38. “We consider that any system, which on the pretext of ensuring the economic development, well-being and advancement of a people, robs it of those human and political rights whose conquest has cost the American man cruel sacrifices is unsuitable for Latin America and incompatible with its people's love of liberty. We abhor any material benefit, real or apparent, whose price is the submission of the people to any form of personal, group or class dictatorship, such as the Latin American peoples have, for a century and a half, resolutely combated. For this reason we feel that the American regional organization should come forward firmly with bold plans of its own, lest economic and political plans alien to its spirit and its history should be imposed upon it. 24.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

39. “It is therefore essential that both the plan and the promise shall be implemented, by the execution of specific projects which will abate the impatience of the masses and satisfy their increasing desire for help and support. 23. The achievements of the inter-American system in the social and economic field cannot escape world scrutiny. Do the plans of the American community of nations in this field compare favourably with those of other regional or political groups? A short while ago, in its edition of 31 July — and I mention this as an important fact — The New York Times reported that the Soviet Union and the countries of Eastern Europe had agreed upon a 20-year plan to co-ordinate their economic growth.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

40. “In this connexion the purposes of the Act of Bogota include promoting aid between the countries of the Western hemisphere as well as between those countries and extra-continental countries and facilitating the flow of capital and the extension of credits to the countries of Latin America, from both Western hemisphere and extra-continental sources. 22. The Act of Bogota is undoubtedly of deep spiritual significance. Its ideological message, however, can only be understood by the Latin American masses through the attainment of its objectives, which consist in the preserving and strengthening of the free and democratic institutions of the American Republics through the expediting of economic and social progress, so that the legitimate aspirations of the American man, in his efforts to achieve better living conditions, may be satisfied.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

41. “Latin America did not experience the material and human ravages of the world war but, having helped to win the war by contributing its natural basic products, it still suffers from the scourge of poverty, ignorance and economic, social and political oppression. 21. The Eisenhower plan, accepted by the American Economic Conference, was incorporated in the Act of Bogota of 11 September 1960, which made recommendations to the Council of the Organization of American States on the following points: measures for social improvement; establishment of a special fund for social development (corresponding to the Eisenhower plan); measures for economic development; multilateral co-operation for economic and social progress.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

42. “The fact that the Eisenhower plan, started with a fund of $500 million, is regarded as a new Marshall Plan for Latin America arouses legitimate hopes that this noble initiative on the part of the United States Head of State will assume, for the benefit of 200 million Latin Americans, the proportions of the Marshall Plan for Western Europe. It will be recalled that General Marshall, as Secretary of Stats, declared that the United States would have to spend thousands of millions of dollars on the economic recovery of Europe, which had been brought low by the ravages of war; and that when Congress approved his plan it authorized a first sum of $5,430 million, of which $1,150 million was to be used over a period of two and a half months and $4,280 million in the following fiscal year.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

43. “For some years now the more far-seeing minds of America have been calling for concerted basic action on a hemispheric scale and level in order to deal with this situation. Mr. Juscelino Kubitschek, the President of Brazil, aroused public opinion in the nations of the continent when he proclaimed Operation Pan-America, which gained the support of every Latin American Government and people. The same ideas and intentions have inspired the plan conceived by the President of the United States to improve the living conditions of the Latin American peoples — a plan of vast scope that has won for its author a place not only in history but also in the heart of the American common man. 20.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

44. “The struggle against poverty, neglect and privation is an all-out battle to transform the economic structure of the backward countries. The inter-dependence of the nations is a reality which provides the basis for the plans for combining the resources of the highly developed countries in order to increase production in the countries that are still under-developed. Economic co-operation emerges as the inseparable counterpart of political co-operation, and is one essential means of banishing from the world the conflicts by which it is now shaken. Latin America is among the regions afflicted by what it has been agreed to call "under-development " — a social, economic and cultural condition affecting every aspect of its collective life.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

45. “To brand all Panamanians who defend the integrity of their national territory as radicals, agitators and instruments serving the objectives of communist mentors is to display abysmal ignorance of present-day realities. Perhaps he who does so is hoping to revive, at the international level, the anachronistic function of the inquisitors, forgetting that it was the founding fathers of the nations of North and South America who inspired in the present generations their patriotic eagerness to enhance the prosperity, dignity and prestige of their countries in this hemisphere. 19. I shall now refer to some specific questions appearing on the agenda of this session which concern the nations less favoured by the scientific revolution that began at the end of the last war. The most urgent of them all is, as we well know, industrialization.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

46. “This significant gesture is helping to create an atmosphere of understanding between the two nations; but we Panamanians hope that the order will be applied on a broad and general scale, so that our country's flag may fly proudly throughout the length and breadth of the Panamanian Isthmus. I wish, in any event, to express my gratitude to the Head of State who does such honour to the high responsibilities of his Government and his country. 18. At the same time, I must reject the insidious remarks of a certain North American politician who, prompted by purely parochial interests, has seen fit to attribute a deeper meaning to the civic demonstrations designed to ensure that the Panamanian flag should occupy its rightful place in the Canal Zone.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

47. “We know that much remains to be done; but we cannot fail to mention the favourable measures which have recently been adopted for the benefit of our working class, thanks to the personal efforts of General Dwight D. Eisenhower, President of the United States, and Mr. Ernesto de la Guardia, Jr., President of my country. Not only did President Eisenhower, some little time ago, explicitly recognize my country’s sovereignty over the Canal Zone, but on 17 September 1960 he ordered the public hoisting of the Panamanian flag at a certain spot in the Zone, as proof of the sovereignty of the Republic of Panama over that part of its territory which, by virtue of a public Convention, had been allocated for the special purposes of the operation of the inter-oceanic canal.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

48. “This very broad interpretation which it has been sought to give to the idea of "security" posts — of special military significance in time of war or threat of war — is an affront to the dignity of the Panamanians; and public opinion in my country accordingly denounces this type of discrimination, just as it denounces any "post classification" that is not based on professional competence and that reflects displeasing criteria whereby preferential treatment is given to workers having a certain nationality or brought in from a certain geographical area. 17. I should be betraying my own feelings if I did not acknowledge, here and now, the efforts made by responsible people in the United States and Panama to establish harmonious relations between the two countries and to improve the social condition of the Canal workers.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

49. “The complaints of the Panamanian workers, which bear also on equality of opportunity, are therefore justified; for although no single case has been recorded of treason or sabotage on the part of Panamanian workers — who, I must say, performed their duties with exemplary loyalty throughout the two great wars involving the United States during the present century — in the Canal Zone the Panamanians are denied, in peace-time, access to so-called "security” positions which are, in fact, nothing of the kind.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)

50. “One feature of the 1955 Treaty was the adoption of a system for the classification of workers on the basis of merit, under which they were entitled to the benefits of the universal standard rules regarding equality of opportunity to work and equal pay for equal work. Nevertheless, the new scale of salaries introduced in the Canal Zone still involves some discrimination in connexion with the worker's nationality, for not only are wages fixed according to geographical areas but, apparently, there are two categories of wages — one for United States citizens, and one for the others.”

    1960-09-24 · UN General Assembly · General Debate, Session 15 (1960)