Paula Bradshaw
South Belfast · Alliance Party · Northern Ireland
“They were places where those who were vulnerable were concealed, young mothers were stripped of their babies and children were stripped of their identities. Let us be resolute in our remembrance of what happened behind the doors of those institutions.”
“At all stages, the Committee has set out its clear support for the legislation's overarching aims and principles, which are to establish a statutory public inquiry into the systemic failings associated with mother-and-baby institutions, Magdalene laundries and workhouses between 1922 and 1995 and to create a statutory redress scheme for t…”
“Again, I refuse to call them "mother-and-baby homes", for we now know that there was nothing homely about them. What the Bill can and must do is offer a tangible declaration that the state accepts its responsibility.”
“As Chairperson of the Committee for the Executive Office, I welcome the opportunity to speak at the Final Stage of the Inquiry (Mother and Baby Institutions, Magdalene Laundries and Workhouses) and Redress Scheme Bill.”
“Key points were also made in relation to redress: the need to ensure that the Executive Office introduces clear guidelines for the scheme as soon as practicable; the need for the Executive Office to widely communicate and promote the scheme to all victims and survivors, including those who live overseas; and the need for the Executive Off…”
“The First Minister and deputy First Minister tabled a number of amendments that gave effect to the Committee's intent across a number of clauses. In several instances, the Committee chose to withdraw its amendments in favour of the Ministers' wording, where that better reflected the broader book of the law.”
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“Therefore, it seems that the Executive Office has a blind spot to how intergenerational trauma will have impacted on those mothers and their children. We need to reflect on that when setting the posthumous payments for the victims of the institutions. <BR /> <BR />It should also be noted that, under the historical institutional abuse redress scheme, the eligibility date for posthumous payments was from 28 April 1953. It is my opinion that a similar date should be set for mother-and-baby institutions. Junior Minister Cameron has just highlighted how the date in the historical institutional abuse redress scheme was arrived at, and she said that the records from that time show that there were failings in inspections. That is the whole point. Those women went into those institutions and were shut away.”
“I put on record therefore that I will seek to have that date amended, either through a Committee amendment or an individual one. <BR /> <BR />Linked to that is the amount that the Bill has allocated for the posthumous payment, found at clause 31(9)(b), where it states that the payment is to be £2,000 if the person is eligible under subsection (5); in other words, deceased. Again, linked to that is the issue of intergenerational trauma. A mother may have died before that date, however, the long-term impact of the shame, stigma and grief that they lived with in their adult life will live on through their now adult children. The Executive Office, on page 4 of its 'Strategy for Victims and Survivors of the Troubles/Conflict 2024-2034', described intergenerational trauma as the:”
“Last week, in Committee, I asked about that date and was advised that it is the date of the announcement of the public inquiry into historical institutional abuse. That makes little sense and does not seem fair to the victims who suffered in one of the institutions and have since passed away. <BR /> <BR />I want to read into the record a letter that MLAs received overnight from Birth Mothers and their Children for Justice on behalf of an adult adoptee. The letter includes a photograph of a woman called Brenda, and it reads:”
“Since that time, a series of processes has been deemed necessary by the Executive Office before we got here today. They include the commissioned research, which cost £206,000; the truth recovery design panel, which cost £266,000; the truth recovery independent panel, which has, to date, incurred costs of over £1 million. I wanted to read those figures into the record as I move forward with my remarks to highlight that, of that money, £1·5 million, not very much of it has gone to the victims of the institutions. <BR /> <BR />I am concerned about the double standards of the Executive Office when it came to drafting the Bill, and I will address those first. Clause 31(5)(b) covers the eligibility of posthumous claims if the deceased person died on or after 29 September 2011.”
“He said that they had been banging on the doors of politicians for years and were "drowning in tea and sympathy". They wanted and needed justice, accountability and acknowledgement; they still do. Hopefully, the Bill will be the first step in delivering that for them. I thank every person who has shared their experiences with me in the nine years since then. I include in that, for example, Adele Johnstone and those who may not have been in a mother-and-baby institution but experienced Magdalene laundries or workhouses. Their voices are also very important as we move forward.”
“I look forward to working constructively with other Members, the Department and, most importantly, the victims and survivors to ensure the thorough scrutiny of the Bill. <BR /> <BR />I will now make some points in my capacity as an individual MLA. Today has been a long time coming. I acknowledge the relentless efforts of many campaigners to get us to this point. In 2016, I met some of those campaigners when they came to my office. During that three-hour meeting, I heard from Oonagh McAleer, Mechelle Dillon and Eunan Duffy. Their lives have all been so shaped by those institutions. It was a sad, horrifying and frustrating meeting. Their stories will never leave me, but neither will the statement that Eunan made when he was leaving.”
“It is so important that we get it right. It is now our collective duty to ensure that their voices are heard and considered when it comes to how the inquiry will work and the matter of appropriate redress. <BR /> <BR />The Committee was briefed on the Bill's provisions by the Department at its meeting on 18 June, following the introduction of the Bill on 16 June. Members took the opportunity to raise a number of concerns, particularly in relation to access to public records, formal engagement with religious orders and the posthumous eligibility date of 29 September 2011. The Committee looks forward to working with the Department on those matters, and, on behalf of the Committee, I support the Bill at Second Stage.”
“The institutions should have offered care and protection, but, instead, they became sites of stigma, forced separation and profound trauma. Victims and survivors have waited for far too long for the truth to be acknowledged. <BR /> <BR />The Bill is scheduled to reach Committee Stage tomorrow, and Committee members are committed to undertaking thorough scrutiny to ensure that it delivers meaningful outcomes for all those who are affected. The Committee will robustly seek views on the Bill from all those whose knowledge can shape it. In particular, we will engage widely and sensitively to ensure that all voices are heard. Having heard evidence in Committee from mothers and adoptees over the past few months, we are acutely aware of not only the pain that they experienced but the value of the input that they will bring.”
“I will speak on behalf of the Committee for the Executive Office at the Second Stage of this deeply significant and long-awaited Bill. <BR /> <BR />The introduction of the Inquiry (Mother and Baby Institutions, Magdalene Laundries and Workhouses) and Redress Scheme Bill was a huge milestone for victims and survivors. The purpose of the Bill is to set up a statutory public inquiry to establish the facts about those institutions between 1922 and 1995. The Bill will further include provision for the Executive Office to establish a redress service to administer a statutory financial redress scheme. The Committee also recognises the importance of the legislation in responding to the recommendations of the truth recovery design panel report that was published in 2021. I thank the panel for its work on that important topic.”
“I thank the Minister for his answer and for the details of what is happening in the interim. Minister, have you had any discussions with your counterpart in the Republic of Ireland to see whether, going forward, there might be an ability to take an all-island approach to the matter?”
“We must recognise that this is a pivotal moment in our society. The racist riots are not isolated incidents but symptoms of deeper, more systemic problems that are rooted in prejudice and exclusion.”
“In South Belfast, we have seen at first hand the valuable contribution that refugees make to our economy, our culture and our community. They are our neighbours, our colleagues and our classmates, yet many continue to face prejudice, now compounded by the threat of violence.”
“However, we must acknowledge that the process of integration is not without its challenges. Recent research from Queen's University Belfast highlights persistent barriers in housing, employment, healthcare and social cohesion. Those challenges must be listened to and dealt with head-on to ensure a successful and inclusive integration process. <BR /> <BR />Integration must begin from the moment when individuals arrive in our communities. It is not just about providing temporary accommodation; it is about giving refugees the tools and resources that they need to sustain themselves and thrive in our community. The Executive Office's recently published refugee integration strategy offers a strong starting point. It outlines a holistic approach, recognising that true integration needs more than securing a job or a place to live.”
“The fear and trauma experienced by those targeted in the riots, many of whom came here seeking safety and peace, represents an attack not only on individuals but on the values that we, as a society, claim to uphold. As of 2024, approximately 3,000 individuals across Northern Ireland were receiving asylum support. They are people who have already endured unimaginable hardship, and the recent violence shows just how vulnerable they remain. It is a clear signal that we must do more to ensure that no one lives in fear because of their skin colour, country of origin or religion. <BR /> <BR />In South Belfast, as in many areas of Northern Ireland, asylum seekers and refugees have become an integral part of the fabric of our communities and neighbourhoods.”
“I rise to make a Member's statement in the week of World Refugee Day, which is on Friday. The events of the past week have cast a long, harsh light on the state of our society at present and on the collective responsibilities that we all now share. The fact that that has happened demonstrates why we need such a day. It is no longer enough to condemn racism and hatred from a distance: we must face the uncomfortable truth that bigotry continues to exist here and that it has again manifested itself in acts of violence. <BR /> <BR />What has taken place is not just a wake-up call but a stark reminder of how much work still needs to be done in order to build a truly inclusive and safe society in Northern Ireland.”
“Thank you, deputy First Minister, for your answer. I hope that the tone of this item is more cordial than the previous one, because this is not the time for political point-scoring. <BR /> <BR />I am concerned that, as I stated in my question, a number of directorates in the Executive Office have responsibility, and, when they come before the Committee, we feel that, in some ways, they are not joined up. Is this a time for cool heads and a bit of focus on whether there could be better collaboration between your programmes and strategies and, as you say, across the Executive?”
“Thank you, Minister. Are you minded to provide any additional resources to the Education Authority's intercultural education service (IES) so that it can better support pupils and their families?”
“I am concerned that the money is not being spent as wisely as it could be and not having the desired outcomes of delivering on our shared future, peacebuilding and moving forward as a society as a whole. When I ask questions about, for example, the monitoring and evaluation of some of the programmes, I hear vague answers or get responses such as, "We are looking at that as part of a wider review". When I then ask about that wider review, I am referred to another answer. I am therefore concerned about the best use of public money in that space.”
“I can see the value in the Brussels office and in the Washington office, but I am yet to be convinced that we should continue to have an office in Beijing. Minister, your officials should be working with Executive Office officials to assure us that money is being spent properly. If it is not, its closure is something that needs to be looked at. <BR /> <BR />I also have some concerns about the overall direction of the Communities in Transition funding and some projects that are funded under the banner of good relations. We know that some excellent work is taking place in our communities, but some of the projects being funded that the Committee has been given as examples could, frankly, sit under Belfast City Council's capacity building funding or Public Health Agency grant funding.”
“<BR /> <BR />I will now make a number of points in my capacity as an Alliance Party MLA, including some about the value for money of our overseas offices. As I have said in Committee, I am concerned that we are spending over a quarter of a million pounds every year on our office in Beijing. That office has been operating for 11 years now. I think that the most recent press statement from it was issued in 2018 and that the most recent tweet from it was in 2020. We have absolutely no idea whether the office represents value for money from the public purse. When departmental officials were before the Committee recently, I asked them, "At what point do you say, 'This is not worth it for us'".”
“People living in the north-west or south-east need to know that investment in strategic sites is being efficiently and appropriately spent. How can the public be sure that the money is being spent wisely if the Committee does not have the information in a detailed and timely manner? <BR /> <BR />The Committee looks forward to a multi-year Budget next year — a Budget that is decided well in advance, fully consulted on and with the necessary equality impact assessments in place. The Committee also looks forward to receiving detailed spending plans well in advance in order to be able to scrutinise the Department's expenditure fully and to having the time and space to assist and advise the Department on the challenges of allocating money to its diverse but important areas of work, as it is required to do.”
“That requires detailed planning on the part of the Department and time for the Committee to receive the necessary financial information, subject that information to scrutiny and discuss departmental expenditure in an open and public manner. <BR /> <BR />Public consultation on and parliamentary scrutiny of Budgets are essential components of any democratic society. Victims and survivors of mother-and-baby institutions need to know that the resources are there to consult on and initiate legislation to establish a public inquiry into what happened to them and to provide them with the support and redress that they deserve. People working towards peace and reconciliation in our communities need to know when and how much they will be paid to undertake the challenging work that they are engaged in.”
“The Executive Office is an unusual Department in that it has a relatively small budget, as I outlined last week during the debate on the Supply resolution for the Northern Ireland Main Estimates 2025-26, but a diverse portfolio of expenditure. That ranges from highly sensitive issues, such as victims and survivors of the conflict, historical institutional child abuse and mother-and-baby institutions, to such items as strategic investment and the maintenance of the three overseas offices of the Executive. The diversity of the Department's responsibilities requires enhanced scrutiny to keep track of the different strands of the work that is undertaken by the Executive Office and to ensure that public money is spent wisely and well.”
“Thank you, Minister. Given that hockey operates successfully on an all-island basis, are you having any conversations with the Irish Government around the possibility of accessing Shared Island funding for pitches in Northern Ireland?”
“Thank you, deputy First Minister. I welcome that update. Can you speak to the Commission on Flags, Identity, Culture and Tradition (FICT) report and the section in it on bonfires? You will know that there is a wide of range of legislation that touches on the outskirts of bonfires, but could you clarify whether the new director will have a role in trying to provide greater clarity and certainty for landowners around their responsibilities where bonfires are being constructed?”
“That funding includes increased provision for Communities in Transition funding, the Windsor framework programme, refugee and asylum support and integration funding. It is important to get that extra money to the right people. Without those resources, groups on the ground cannot continue their work on peace and reconciliation and good relations or support people who are affected by the pressures of our society. The Committee looks forward to undertaking further scrutiny of the Department's finances in the coming weeks and months.”
“There are a number of reasons for those increases. The Department has earmarked a further £50 million in respect of funding for the historical institutional abuse redress scheme and support services, the victims' payment schemes and commitments under the truth recovery programme. Those costs could increase further once legislation is passed for the establishment of an inquiry and redress scheme for the mother-and-baby institutions. The Committee is eager to look into the details of that when the Bill that establishes an inquiry proceeds to Committee Stage. Hopefully, that will happen before the summer recess. <BR /> <BR />The Department has also seen a further increase in resource DEL of over £49 million since the 2024-25 spring Supplementary Estimates.”
“The Main Estimates indicate that the Department has been allocated a budget of approximately £243 million of resource DEL. Some £212 million of that is earmarked, which means that only a small amount of baseline funds is available to the Department to react to emerging challenges. In addition, the Department will receive £16 million for capital projects to support areas such as good relations and the Department's arm's-length bodies (ALBs). In relation to the ALBs, the Committee looks forward to visiting the Maze/Long Kesh Development Corporation later this year to discuss the site in further detail and to look at how investment is being used to good effect. <BR /> <BR />The Department has received an increase of £57 million in its budget allocations for resource DEL since last year's Estimates.”
“I also wish you, Mr Speaker, a very happy birthday. <BR /> <BR />Junior Minister, you mentioned in your original answer the annual report on delivery. Given that we have less than two years left of the mandate, do you not feel that that is too long a period between the reports being published? Will you also speak to how the targets could be amended if they are not delivering for constituents?”
“It is my understanding that there has been no engagement with the BDA in return. I therefore appeal to the Minister of Health to expedite the cost-of-service review as a priority; to develop a new oral health strategy; and to engage with the BDA on proposals to improve access to health service dentistry as a matter of urgency.”
“I remind the Minister that we are almost into the month of June, so the first quarter of the financial year is almost complete, yet general dental practitioners still have no clarity on what financial arrangements will be in place for undertaking health service work. <BR /> <BR />A number of other outstanding issues need to be addressed. How will funding be allocated to support the increase in employers' National Insurance contributions? As is mentioned in the motion, where is the cost-of-service review, and will it be expedited, as it is an urgent matter? The British Dental Association has engaged with the Minister and his officials on several occasions since February 2025 on the proposals, which, if implemented, could enable practitioners and practices to maximise GDS health service activity and, in turn, deliver better patient access.”
“I appreciate that the Department of Health created the dental access scheme as a way in which to assist individuals to access health service dentistry, but the reality is that it does little but buff the edges of the problem. Only 29 out of 364 practices have signed up to the scheme, with practices being given little incentive to get involved. If we are to ensure that dental practices are in a position to provide health service dentistry, the Department of Health needs to ensure that independent contractors are on a sustainable financial footing. <BR /> <BR />It is my understanding that discussions are ongoing about investment proposals for general dental services (GDS) for 2025-26.”
“As a South Belfast MLA, I am regularly contacted by constituents who are experiencing extreme dental pain but can neither afford to pay for treatment nor access it on the NHS. As the British Dental Association (BDA) has put it, it is those who need healthcare the most who are the most affected. During his tenure, the Minister of Health has not outlined many priorities from his Budget allocation, but one priority that he has spelt out is that of tackling health inequalities. I therefore ask the Minister to give an example of where inequality is as glaring as in people's inability to access health service dentistry. <BR /> <BR />We cannot wait. Urgent action is needed now if we are to turn the tide of privatisation. Ultimately, it is a funding issue.”
“Oral healthcare plays a major role in the prevention of diseases, not least of oral cancers, and dentists are often on the front line of recognising the need for further treatment and referring patients on. Oral healthcare is especially crucial for children and young people. Tooth decay, which is an almost entirely preventable condition, remains the leading cause of hospital admissions among children in the UK. I acknowledge that the Department of Health consulted on new oral health improvement plans for children and older people last year. We now need to see action on those plans as a result of the consultation. <BR /> <BR />There is another glaring example of Northern Ireland's ever-growing two-tier healthcare system.”
“According to the most recent working patterns data from the General Dental Council (GDC), which had looked at the number of dental practices that are committed to at least 75% of their work being provided through the health service, Northern Ireland has had the largest shift away from NHS dentistry in the direction of private services, with only 43% of practices here being committed to meeting that 75% target. Furthermore, statistics that emerged last month have confirmed that, of the more than 350 dental practices in Northern Ireland, only two are now fully NHS practices, while more than 53,000 health service patients have been removed from practices' lists over the past two years. <BR /> <BR />We are currently witnessing the end stages of the privatisation of a crucial section of our health service.”
“Whilst we all get contact from constituents who are unable to access GP services, almost as many get in touch because they are unable to source dental services on the NHS.”
“Thank you, Principal Deputy Speaker. The Alliance motion highlights the challenges facing dental practices, which cause difficulties for our constituents in accessing their services; calls on the Minister of Health to introduce a new oral health strategy to address access to services and workforce challenges; and calls on him to conclude and publish the general dental services cost-of-service review as soon as possible. <BR /> <BR />I welcome the amendment from colleagues in the DUP, which calls for proposals to improve access to dentistry, including ways to address regional inequalities. <BR /> <BR />Unfortunately, as MLAs, we will be all too familiar with the difficulties in accessing dental services through our health service.”
“That will see discrimination outlawed and will allow the order to be brought up to the standard that we require in the 2020s. We still await the refugee integration strategy with its implementation plan and funding model, and we need to see details of how the next racial equality strategy will be delivered. <BR /> <BR />What we see in the motion is an attempt to divert from doing the work of making sure that Northern Ireland plays its role in helping those fleeing war and natural disaster while ensuring that there is social integration. That means that we need to get on with publishing, resourcing and implementing the strategy, as I said. We can look at the concerns about housing.”
“<BR /> <BR />The cost is not purely financial, however. Just this morning, I was alerted to between 25 and 30 pieces of anti-immigration graffiti that appeared overnight in the Belvoir estate in my constituency. That is where divisive and inflammatory rhetoric gets us. What were the people who put up that graffiti intending the outcome to be of its going on those walls? Was it to scare and intimidate young children and their families so that they are fearful of walking among their community? That is what happens when that sort of graffiti appears, and no one in the Chamber should be championing that or saying that it is the right way to address the issues in front of us. <BR /> <BR />We still await the draft Race Relations Order. We have been awaiting it for many years, and the community in question has been waiting for it for many years.”
“A managed migration policy will focus on integration, and that is why the amendment correctly calls on the Executive Office to bring forward the refugee integration strategy, among other things. <BR /> <BR />Let us be clear about what the cost of inaction really is. Last summer, we saw the riots in south Belfast in particular after the anti-immigration rallies. We saw individuals and PSNI officers attacked, businesses damaged and community tensions heightened. The PSNI received an extra £2·8 million in the October monitoring round to cover the direct cost of tackling the disorder. What would that £2·8 million have covered? How many nurses would it have been able to employ? How many new houses could have been built? How many courses could have been put on for people who want to escape poverty?”
“We do not need divisive rhetoric, because it becomes dangerous. It is reasonable to talk in terms of managing immigration more effectively but not to blame immigrants and pit them against others. <BR /> <BR />Everyone in the House should be clear that the dramatic rise in the funding required to house asylum seekers is the fault of those who mismanaged the process, not the fault of the asylum seekers. Indeed, the very issue is that not only has the entire funding requirement risen but the accommodation remains entirely unsuitable, particularly considering that people have been fleeing war zones with the complex needs that they have had to endure and now live with.”
“In reality, the system works against them, even in a society where we need more people willing to take risks and set up businesses, as many asylum seekers would wish to do. <BR /> <BR />It is also the case that the motion makes a call on the wrong Department, and the amendment usefully corrects that. The amendment corrects a few other things as well. With unemployment here at just 1·7% and the date on which the population of Northern Ireland starts to decline now projected to be as soon as 2033, we have a skills shortage and an imminent demographic time bomb. <BR /> <BR />I share the sentiments of others in the Chamber around the immense contribution that people who have come to make this place their home have made to our healthcare, our economy and our education, and they should be welcomed and embraced.”
“I support the amendment but not the original motion. The reason why I will not support the original motion is that it is plainly wrong. At an event in Belfast City Hall yesterday, real life narratives of how asylum seekers in Northern Ireland cannot access the education system were highlighted. Anaka Women's Collective published a report called 'Stranded Dreams' that shows that, without a specialist programme, asylum seekers in the 16-to-24 age group are effectively shut out from formal education. Northern Ireland already faces a greater challenge than neighbouring jurisdictions in keeping young people in formal education past the age of 16. However, that has precisely nothing to do with asylum seekers.”
“It was pointed out that, across the club's mix of teams of different levels and maturity, you find that the youth team interacts with the veterans and the ones who are there just for fun are great friends with the elite players. Saturday night very much reflected that there is no hierarchy in the club. That, in the end, is what sport is all about. I wish Belfast Harlequins well in the future and look forward to their continued success.”
“<BR /> <BR />In just 25 years, the club has enjoyed considerable success, including providing two Women's Hockey World Cup finalists, an accomplishment that would have been unthinkable on the club's foundation. This season, the women's 1st team won the President's Cup, and the women's 2nd team won the junior league. The club was represented on the Irish masters team in New Zealand last year, as I referenced in a previous statement. In fact, first team player Katie Larmour is the latest Quins player to be called up to Ireland's senior international squad, which is perhaps apt, given the fact that her mum, Roisin Walsh, has led the club's thriving junior section for two decades. <BR /> <BR />What was striking about the event was the focus not on silverware and caps but rather on the lifelong friendships that flow throughout the club.”
“On Saturday night, I had the privilege of attending the 25th anniversary gala ball of Belfast Harlequins Hockey Club for both the men's and women's sections. Many of you who are familiar with south Belfast will know that the club was originally based at the North of Ireland Cricket Club ground on the Ormeau Road, which was subsequently developed into a successful housing scheme. The club then moved to its current site in Deramore. It is a multi-sports club that provides not just hockey for men and women but rugby and GAA. A quarter of a century on, the hockey side is embarking on a push for an upgrade of its pitch, a tender for which is out at the minute.”
“We cannot assume that the passage of time is lessening the psychological impact and the need for those tailored support services, given the circumstances that people lived through.”
“We will keep an eye on that to ensure that the money is spent effectively. <BR /> <BR />I will move on to victims and survivors, including those impacted on by the Troubles, those who lived through the hell of childhood abuse and those who were so badly treated and forced to live for varying degrees of their lives separated from their children, many of whom never got to meet their adult child or their birth mother. I am talking about the mother-and-baby institutions. We are keen to see the Bill on the inquiry and the redress scheme come forward. I am also pleased to see the Executive Office's commitment to continue funding the specialist support services for them in the Budget.”
“I and my party believe that that money would be better allocated to the Executive Office for its good relations and race relations projects. We would find that a more harmonised society could be produced as a result of that, rather than fissures being widened and wounds being allowed to fester. <BR /> <BR />In my remarks as Committee Chair, I did not mention that we are looking at the three bodies: the Irish Language Commissioner, the Commissioner for the Ulster Scots and Ulster British Tradition and the Office of Identity and Cultural Expression. We understand that each body will receive approximately £1 million a year for running costs. As a party, we support the establishment of those three bodies, but we recognise that that is a lot of money allocated to them while we see a constriction on the money for front-line grassroots projects.”
“The fact that there is now money is important, and we now need to see action from the Executive. I refer to the long-awaited review of the Together: Building a United Community (T:BUC) programme and the promise that, in the next round of funding, its next iteration will see it aligned with emerging issues in good relations in its broadest sense and in tackling racial tensions. <BR /> <BR />Linked to that is the, again long-awaited, draft refugee integration strategy. We know that the Executive have signed that off, and we are waiting to see the implementation plan and funding programme. Last summer, the PSNI received £2·8 million in the October monitoring round, for example, to cover the costs of the summer riots.”